Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is true?

• A. It controls involuntary functions
• B. It contains motor (efferent) neurons
• C. It contains sensory (afferent) neurons
• D. It contains both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for controlling involuntary functions and contains both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not fully capture the role of the ANS. While the ANS does control involuntary functions, this is a broader concept than just the reflex arc. While the ANS does contain motor (efferent) neurons, it also includes sensory (afferent) neurons, which are not specifically mentioned in the question. Therefore, choice C is not fully accurate. Choice D provides the most accurate and comprehensive description of the autonomic nervous system by highlighting its components, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, which work together to regulate various bodily functions.

2. Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?

• A. Movement
• B. Maintaining posture
• C. Generating heat
• D. Regulating blood sugar levels

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The muscular system is responsible for movement, maintaining posture, and generating heat. Regulating blood sugar levels is not a function of the muscular system. This function is primarily carried out by the endocrine system, specifically the pancreas and its production of insulin and glucagon. Choices A, B, and C are all correct functions of the muscular system as they involve the contraction and relaxation of muscles to produce movement, support the body's structure, and generate heat as a byproduct of muscle activity.

3. Urinary system health can be maintained through various lifestyle practices. Which of the following is NOT recommended for optimal urinary system health?

• A. Limiting high-sodium foods in the diet
• B. Consuming adequate amounts of cranberry juice
• C. Holding urine in the bladder for long periods
• D. Getting regular moderate-intensity exercise

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Holding urine in the bladder for long periods is not recommended for optimal urinary system health. It can increase the risk of urinary tract infections and other bladder-related issues. When urine is held for a long time, bacteria have more time to multiply in the bladder, leading to infections. Additionally, holding urine for prolonged periods can also contribute to bladder distension, which may affect bladder function over time. Therefore, it is crucial to empty the bladder regularly to maintain good urinary system health. Limiting high-sodium foods helps reduce the risk of kidney stones and high blood pressure, while consuming cranberry juice may help prevent urinary tract infections by interfering with the adhesion of bacteria to the bladder walls. Regular moderate-intensity exercise promotes overall health, including maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of chronic conditions that can impact the urinary system.

4. Which vitamin plays a crucial role in calcium absorption in the small intestine?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption in the small intestine by enhancing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. This helps in regulating the levels of these minerals in the body, which are essential for maintaining healthy bones. Vitamin A (Choice A) is important for vision and immune function, but it is not directly related to calcium absorption. Vitamin C (Choice B) is primarily known for its role in collagen synthesis and antioxidant functions, not calcium absorption. Vitamin E (Choice D) acts as an antioxidant and is not directly involved in calcium absorption in the small intestine.

5. When an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes a(n):

• A. Molecule
• B. Isotope
• C. Ion
• D. Compound

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes an ion. Gaining or losing electrons alters the atom's electron count and charge, creating a positively or negatively charged ion. A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are chemically bonded. An isotope is a variation of an element with a different number of neutrons. A compound consists of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

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