Nursing Elites

1. What is the waste product of protein digestion?

• A. Glucose
• B. Amino acids
• C. Fatty acids
• D. Ammonia

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The waste product of protein digestion is ammonia. Protein digestion breaks down proteins into amino acids, and during this process, ammonia is produced. Ammonia is toxic and needs to be converted into urea in the liver for excretion via urine. Glucose is a product of carbohydrate digestion, amino acids are building blocks of proteins, and fatty acids are the end products of fat digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is ammonia.

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of an interneuron?

• A. Forms neural circuits
• B. Interacts with effectors
• C. Sends impulses to the CNS
• D. Functions as an efferent nerve cell

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct characteristic of an interneuron is that it forms neural circuits, connecting sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system. Interneurons facilitate communication between different neurons in the central nervous system, helping in the processing and integration of signals. Choice B is incorrect as interneurons primarily interact with other neurons, not effectors. Choice C is incorrect as interneurons typically do not send impulses to the CNS; they operate within the CNS. Choice D is incorrect as interneurons are not efferent nerve cells; they are mainly involved in processing signals within the CNS rather than transmitting signals to effectors.

3. Where is the heart located within the human body cavities?

• A. Dorsal cavity
• B. Ventral cavity
• C. Thoracic cavity
• D. Abdominal cavity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The heart is located within the thoracic cavity, specifically in the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. The thoracic cavity is part of the ventral cavity, which also includes the abdominal cavity. The dorsal cavity refers to the posterior side of the body and does not contain the heart. The heart is situated in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and above the diaphragm, making option C the correct choice. Therefore, the correct answer is the thoracic cavity (option C). The ventral cavity (option B) includes the thoracic and abdominal cavities, but the heart is specifically situated in the thoracic cavity. The dorsal cavity (option A) is located on the posterior side of the body, not where the heart is positioned. The abdominal cavity (option D) is below the thoracic cavity and houses organs such as the stomach, liver, and intestines, but it does not contain the heart.

4. Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, plays a key role in regulating calcium levels in the blood by promoting calcium release from bones and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?

• A. Calcitonin
• B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• C. Thyroxine
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood. It works by decreasing blood calcium levels through two main mechanisms: promoting calcium uptake by bones and decreasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), on the other hand, increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines. Thyroxine, another thyroid hormone, primarily regulates metabolism and has no direct influence on calcium levels. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is involved in regulating blood sugar levels and is not related to calcium homeostasis.

5. What are the three types of muscle tissues?

• A. Cardiac, smooth, epithelial
• B. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• C. Cardiac, smooth, connective
• D. Skeletal, epithelial, connective

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Skeletal muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement, cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is responsible for involuntary heart contractions, and smooth muscle tissue is located in organs and is responsible for involuntary movements. Therefore, the three types of muscle tissues are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they include types of tissues that are not classified as muscle tissues. Epithelial and connective tissues are different types of tissues that serve other functions in the body, not related to muscle contractions.

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