Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for a solution that has exactly the same concentration of solute as another solution?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Isotonic solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: An isotonic solution is a solution that has the same concentration of solute as another solution. When cells are placed in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane, maintaining equilibrium. Choice A, a saturated solution, refers to a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature. Choice B, an unsaturated solution, is a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions. Choice D, a concentrated solution, is a solution with a high amount of solute compared to the solvent.

2. What does the innate immune system provide?

• A. Nonspecific, immediate defense against pathogens
• B. Specific, long-term immune response through memory cells
• C. Both (a) and (b)
• D. Neither (a) nor (b)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The innate immune system provides nonspecific, immediate defense against pathogens. It is the body's first line of defense in responding to infections and does not involve memory cells or specific long-term immune responses like the adaptive immune system. Choice B is incorrect because specific, long-term immune responses through memory cells are characteristics of the adaptive immune system, not the innate immune system. Choice C is incorrect because the innate immune system does not provide specific, long-term immune responses. Choice D is incorrect because the innate immune system does provide an immediate defense against pathogens.

3. Which of the following structures is unique to eukaryotic cells?

• A. Cell walls
• B. Nuclei
• C. Cell membranes
• D. Vacuoles

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Nuclei are structures that are unique to eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus, and their genetic material floats freely in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells have nuclei that house the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. This distinct organelle is a key feature that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells. Cell walls (Choice A) are found in plant cells, fungi, and some prokaryotes but are not unique to eukaryotic cells. Cell membranes (Choice C) are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, serving as a barrier that encloses the cell contents. Vacuoles (Choice D) are membrane-bound organelles found in both plant and animal cells, making them not unique to eukaryotic cells.

4. What accurately describes the Linnaean system of classification?

• A. It focuses on evolutionary relationships between organisms.
• B. It uses dichotomous keys for identification.
• C. It groups organisms based on shared functions.
• D. It emphasizes a hierarchical ranking system.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Linnaean system of classification, developed by Carl Linnaeus, is based on a hierarchical ranking system where organisms are grouped into categories based on shared characteristics. This system organizes organisms into a hierarchy of increasingly specific categories, from broad to narrow, such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The emphasis on a hierarchical ranking system allows for systematic organization and classification of a wide variety of organisms based on their similarities and differences, making it easier to study and understand the diversity of life forms. Choice A is incorrect because the Linnaean system is not primarily focused on evolutionary relationships but rather on shared characteristics for classification. Choice B is incorrect because dichotomous keys are tools used for identifying organisms, not the fundamental basis of the Linnaean system. Choice C is incorrect as the Linnaean system categorizes organisms based on shared characteristics, not shared functions.

5. What is the law that states energy can neither be created nor destroyed?

• A. Law of Conservation of Matter
• B. Law of Conservation of Energy
• C. Law of Universal Gravitation
• D. Law of Inertia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Law of Conservation of Energy. This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The Law of Conservation of Matter (Choice A) is related to mass and the preservation of mass in a closed system, not energy. The Law of Universal Gravitation (Choice C) describes the force of attraction between objects with mass. The Law of Inertia (Choice D) states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

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