Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following terms refers to a muscle that lengthens while another muscle contracts to produce movement?

• A. Synergist
• B. Agonist
• C. Antagonist
• D. Flexor

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Antagonist.' An antagonist muscle is a muscle that lengthens while another muscle (agonist) contracts to produce movement. The antagonist muscle relaxes to allow the agonist muscle to contract effectively. In this scenario, the antagonist muscle works in opposition to the agonist muscle, providing control and precision to movement. The other choices are incorrect because a synergist muscle assists the agonist muscle in performing a movement, an agonist muscle is the primary muscle responsible for generating movement, and a flexor muscle is a muscle that decreases the angle at a joint.

2. Which process allows for the movement of large molecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, across the cell membrane?

• A. Endocytosis
• B. Exocytosis
• C. Active transport
• D. Facilitated diffusion

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Endocytosis is the process by which cells engulf large molecules or particles by wrapping the cell membrane around them to form a vesicle that is brought into the cell. This mechanism facilitates the movement of large molecules like proteins and polysaccharides across the cell membrane. Exocytosis involves the release of large molecules or particles from the cell, opposite to the scenario described in the question. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient and is not primarily used for transporting proteins and polysaccharides. Facilitated diffusion entails the movement of molecules aided by transport proteins but is not the primary mechanism for transporting large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides.

3. What are the small, finger-like projections in the small intestines called?

• A. Cilia
• B. Rugae
• C. Trachea
• D. Villi

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Villi. Villi are small, finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption, aiding in the absorption of nutrients. Cilia (Choice A) are tiny hair-like structures found in various parts of the body but are not present in the small intestine. Rugae (Choice B) are folds in the mucosa of the stomach that allow for its expansion during digestion. The trachea (Choice C) is part of the respiratory system, responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs, and is not related to the small intestine.

4. Bile, a digestive juice, is produced by which organ?

• A. Stomach
• B. Liver
• C. Pancreas
• D. Small intestine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver. It is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. The stomach (Choice A) produces gastric juices, not bile. The pancreas (Choice C) produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate but not bile. The small intestine (Choice D) is where bile is released to aid in digestion but is not the organ that produces bile.

5. Where does bile, a substance that aids in digesting fats, originate from?

• A. Stomach
• B. Pancreas
• C. Liver
• D. Gallbladder

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Bile is produced by the liver to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. The liver produces bile, which is then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine to facilitate fat digestion. The stomach (option A) is responsible for the initial digestion of food through gastric juices but does not produce bile. The pancreas (option B) secretes digestive enzymes like lipase to further break down fats in the small intestine but does not produce bile. The gallbladder (option D) stores and concentrates bile but does not produce it.

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