Nursing Elites

1. What is the SI unit of measurement for momentum?

• A. Newton (N)
• B. Kilogram-meter per second (kg·m/s)
• C. Joule (J)
• D. Newton-second (N·s)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct SI unit of measurement for momentum is kilogram-meter per second (kg·m/s). Momentum is a vector quantity that is calculated by multiplying an object's mass (in kilograms) by its velocity (in meters per second), resulting in the unit kg·m/s. This unit represents the quantity of motion an object possesses, taking into account both the mass and velocity of the object. Choice A, Newton (N), is the unit of force, not momentum. Choice C, Joule (J), is the unit of energy, not momentum. Choice D, Newton-second (N·s), is the unit of impulse, not momentum.

2. Which organelle is responsible for packaging and secreting proteins into the extracellular space?

• A. Golgi apparatus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Ribosomes
• D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A) Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins into vesicles for secretion outside the cell or for use within the cell. It acts as a distribution and shipping department for the cell, ensuring proteins are properly processed and sent to their correct destinations like the extracellular space. Golgi apparatus is the correct answer because it directly handles the packaging and secretion of proteins. B) Mitochondria: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are not involved in packaging and secreting proteins into the extracellular space. C) Ribosomes: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, where they translate mRNA into proteins. They are not involved in packaging and secreting proteins into the extracellular space. D) Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a role in protein synthesis and folding, but it is the rough ER specifically that is involved in synthesizing proteins that are then transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and packaging. The Golgi apparatus is primarily responsible for packaging and secreting proteins, making it the correct answer for this question.

3. What are the three regions of the small intestine?

• A. Duodenum, ileum, jejunum
• B. Cecum, ileum, jejunum
• C. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
• D. Duodenum, jejunum, colon

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The small intestine is divided into three regions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the initial segment where most chemical digestion takes place. The jejunum and ileum follow the duodenum and are primarily responsible for nutrient absorption. Choice A is incorrect because the order is incorrect. Choice B is incorrect because the cecum is part of the large intestine, not the small intestine. Choice D is incorrect because the colon is part of the large intestine, not the small intestine.

4. How do DNA and RNA function together as part of the human genome?

• A. DNA carries genetic information from RNA to the cell cytoplasm.
• B. RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cell cytoplasm.
• C. DNA and RNA carry genetic information from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm.
• D. DNA and RNA do not interact within the cell.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. RNA acts as a messenger carrying genetic instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized. This process is known as transcription and translation, where DNA provides the blueprint for protein synthesis, and RNA delivers this information to the cellular machinery in the cytoplasm. Choice A is incorrect as it inaccurately states that DNA carries genetic information from RNA, which is the opposite of the actual flow of information. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests that both DNA and RNA together carry genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which is not accurate. Choice D is incorrect as DNA and RNA do interact within the cell, playing crucial roles in genetic information processing and protein synthesis.

5. What is the correct way to represent 8,600,000,000,000 in scientific notation with two significant figures?

• A. 8.6 x 10^12
• B. 8.6 x 10^-12
• C. 8.6 x 10^11
• D. 8.60 x 10^12

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct way to represent 8,600,000,000,000 in scientific notation with two significant figures is 8.6 x 10^12. Scientific notation involves expressing a number as a decimal (with one non-zero digit before the decimal point) multiplied by a power of 10. In this case, 8,600,000,000,000 is correctly written as 8.6 x 10^12 to maintain two significant figures and the appropriate magnitude. Choice B (8.6 x 10^-12) is incorrect as it represents a very small number due to the negative exponent. Choice C (8.6 x 10^11) is incorrect as it does not account for the magnitude of the original number. Choice D (8.60 x 10^12) is incorrect because it unnecessarily adds a zero after the decimal point, which is not warranted by the original number's precision.

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