Nursing Elites

1. Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor for proper absorption?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin B12

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach, for proper absorption in the small intestine. Intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 and facilitates its absorption in the ileum. Deficiency in intrinsic factor can lead to pernicious anemia, a condition characterized by a lack of vitamin B12 absorption. Options A, B, and C are incorrect. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of bile salts; Vitamin C is absorbed in the small intestine via active transport; Vitamin D is absorbed in the small intestine through a process involving bile salts and micelles. It is essential for students to understand this relationship as it highlights the importance of intrinsic factor in the absorption of specific vitamins and the consequences of its deficiency.

2. Which of the following is a representation of a natural pattern or occurrence that is difficult or impossible to experience directly?

• A. A theory
• B. A model
• C. A law
• D. An observation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A model is a representation used by scientists to understand and explain natural phenomena that are challenging or impossible to observe directly. Models help visualize complex systems or processes that are not easily accessible for direct observation. The other choices are incorrect because: A) A theory is an explanation or interpretation of observable facts or phenomena. C) A law describes a consistent and universal phenomenon or relationship in nature based on repeated observations. D) An observation is a direct act of watching or taking note of a phenomenon or behavior.

3. What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by a mutation on the X chromosome?

• A. Autosomal dominant disorder
• B. Autosomal recessive disorder
• C. Sex-linked recessive disorder
• D. Sex-linked dominant disorder

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A genetic disorder caused by a mutation on the X chromosome is termed a sex-linked recessive disorder (Option C). This type of disorder is more commonly seen in males due to their single X chromosome, making them more vulnerable to X-linked mutations. Females have two X chromosomes, providing a protective effect against X-linked disorders.\n- Autosomal dominant disorders (Option A) result from a mutation in one copy of a gene on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) and are not specifically related to the X chromosome.\n- Autosomal recessive disorders (Option B) occur due to mutations in both copies of a gene on autosomes, not on the X chromosome.\n- Sex-linked dominant disorders (Option D) are rare and lead to more severe symptoms in males as they only require one copy of the mutated gene on the X chromosome to express the disorder. However, this is not the term for a genetic disorder caused by an X chromosome mutation.

4. A ball is thrown horizontally off a cliff. Which of the following forces is responsible for its downward motion?

• A. The force of throwing
• B. Normal force from the air
• C. Tension force from the string (if used)
• D. Gravitational force

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The gravitational force is responsible for the downward motion of the ball. When the ball is thrown horizontally off a cliff, the only force acting on it in the vertical direction is the force of gravity, which pulls the ball downward towards the ground. The other forces mentioned (force of throwing, normal force from the air, tension force from the string) do not contribute to the ball's downward motion in this scenario. The force of throwing initiates the horizontal motion, the normal force from the air opposes the ball's motion through air resistance, and tension force from the string would only be relevant if a string were attached to the ball. Therefore, gravitational force is the primary force responsible for the ball's downward motion in this situation.

5. Which hormones are responsible for stimulating the development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics during puberty?

• A. Growth hormone
• B. Testosterone (in males) and Estrogen (in females)
• C. Insulin
• D. Thyroid hormone

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Testosterone and estrogen are the primary sex hormones responsible for the development of male and female sex organs, respectively, and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Growth hormone, insulin, and thyroid hormone do not directly influence the development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Growth hormone primarily regulates growth and metabolism, insulin regulates blood sugar levels, and thyroid hormone controls metabolism and energy levels. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect for this question.

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