Nursing Elites

1. What are the finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine called?

• A. Crypts of Lieberkühn
• B. Goblet cells
• C. Villi
• D. Paneth cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Crypts of Lieberkühn are small pits in the lining of the small intestine that contain cells involved in the production of intestinal juices, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption. B) Goblet cells are specialized cells that secrete mucus to protect the lining of the digestive tract, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption. C) Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. Each villus contains blood vessels and lacteals (lymphatic vessels) that help absorb nutrients from digested food. D) Paneth cells are specialized cells found in the small intestine that secrete antimicrobial substances, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption.

2. Which of the following is responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response?

• A. Pancreas
• B. Adrenal glands
• C. Thyroid gland
• D. Pituitary gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response. During stressful situations, the adrenal glands release hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, initiating the fight-or-flight response. These hormones prepare the body to either confront or flee from a perceived threat.\nChoice A - Pancreas: The pancreas is primarily responsible for producing insulin and regulating blood sugar levels, not the fight-or-flight response.\nChoice C - Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly involved in the fight-or-flight response.\nChoice D - Pituitary gland: The pituitary gland regulates various endocrine functions by releasing hormones, but it is not the primary gland responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

3. When ice melts, it undergoes a...

• A. Chemical change
• B. Physical change
• C. Nuclear change
• D. Radioactive decay

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When ice melts, it undergoes a physical change, transitioning from a solid state to a liquid state. This change does not involve altering the chemical composition of the ice, making it a physical change rather than a chemical change, nuclear change, or radioactive decay. Choice A, 'Chemical change,' is incorrect because a chemical change involves a rearrangement of atoms resulting in new substances. Choice C, 'Nuclear change,' is incorrect as it refers to changes in the nucleus of an atom, not the phase transition of ice. Choice D, 'Radioactive decay,' is incorrect as it involves the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus, which is not the process occurring when ice melts.

4. Which structure, located between the pons and the spinal cord, plays a crucial role in coordinating movements, maintaining balance, and posture?

• A. Thalamus
• B. Medulla oblongata
• C. Cerebellum
• D. Hypothalamus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the cerebellum. The cerebellum, located between the pons and the spinal cord, is responsible for coordinating movements, maintaining balance, and posture. The thalamus functions in relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, the medulla oblongata controls vital autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate, and the hypothalamus regulates various bodily functions like temperature and hunger. Therefore, the cerebellum is the structure that specifically handles coordination, balance, and posture.

5. What is involved in the involuntary reflex arc that withdraws your hand from a hot object?

• A. Central nervous system only
• B. Peripheral nervous system only
• C. Both CNS and PNS
• D. Sensory neurons only

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The involuntary reflex arc that withdraws your hand from a hot object involves both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). When your hand touches a hot object, sensory neurons in the PNS detect the heat and send signals to the spinal cord in the CNS. The spinal cord processes this information and sends a signal back through motor neurons in the PNS to move your hand away from the hot object. This coordinated response requires the collaboration of both the CNS and PNS to protect the body from harm. Choice A is incorrect because the reflex arc involves more than just the central nervous system. Choice B is incorrect because the reflex arc involves more than just the peripheral nervous system. Choice D is incorrect because the reflex arc also involves motor neurons, not just sensory neurons.

Similar Questions