Nursing Elites

1. What is the scientific name for the common housefly?

• A. Musca domestica
• B. Drosophila melanogaster
• C. Apis mellifera
• D. Anopheles gambiae

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Musca domestica is the scientific name for the common housefly. This species is known for being a common pest found in and around human habitations. Drosophila melanogaster (option B) is a species of fruit fly commonly used in genetic research. Apis mellifera (option C) is the scientific name for the western honeybee. Anopheles gambiae (option D) is a species of mosquito known for being a vector of malaria.

2. What is the function of the pituitary gland?

• A. Produces hormones that regulate growth and metabolism
• B. Filters blood and removes waste products
• C. Stores and releases bile
• D. Produces red blood cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Produces hormones that regulate growth and metabolism. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it produces and releases hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. It does not filter blood or remove waste products (option B), store and release bile (option C), or produce red blood cells (option D). The pituitary gland's primary role is in hormone production and regulation, influencing many essential functions in the body.

3. Which of the following is produced by Natural Killer Cells to create pores for target cell rupture?

• A. Interferon
• B. Apoptosis
• C. Perforin
• D. Antibody

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Perforin. Natural Killer cells release perforin, which forms pores in the membrane of target cells, leading to their lysis. Interferon (choice A) is a protein released by cells in response to viral infections, apoptosis (choice B) is programmed cell death, and antibodies (choice D) are produced by B cells to neutralize pathogens but are not directly involved in creating pores for cell rupture like perforin.

4. Which part of the brainstem controls heart rate and breathing?

• A. Medulla oblongata
• B. Pons
• C. Midbrain
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The medulla oblongata is a critical part of the brainstem responsible for regulating essential functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It houses centers that oversee these involuntary processes, making it the correct answer. The pons, midbrain, and thalamus do not primarily control heart rate and breathing, thus making them incorrect choices for this question.

5. What is apoptosis, and how is it involved in embryonic development?

• A. Uncontrolled cell growth
• B. Programmed cell death
• C. DNA replication
• D. Cell division

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death, not uncontrolled cell growth (Choice A). It plays a vital role in embryonic development by eliminating unnecessary or damaged cells, sculpting organs, and ensuring proper tissue organization. Through apoptosis, the embryo undergoes controlled cell death to shape structures accurately. This mechanism is essential for the precise development of organs and tissues, emphasizing the significance of apoptosis in embryogenesis. DNA replication (Choice C) and cell division (Choice D) are essential cellular processes but are not directly related to apoptosis or its role in embryonic development.

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