Nursing Elites

1. Which structure protects the lungs?

• A. Femur
• B. Ribcage
• C. Scapula
• D. Skull

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The ribcage is the correct answer. It protects the lungs by providing structural support and shielding them from injury. The femur is a bone in the thigh and does not protect the lungs. The scapula is a shoulder blade bone, and the skull protects the brain, not the lungs.

2. Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes?

• A. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• C. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• D. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: - Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information from DNA in the cell's nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs. - Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosomes where protein synthesis takes place. - Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material that contains the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. DNA is transcribed into mRNA before being translated into proteins.

3. What generates action potentials, the all-or-nothing electrical signals traveling along neurons?

• A. Glucose
• B. Sodium and potassium ions
• C. Neurotransmitters
• D. Myelin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Action potentials, the all-or-nothing electrical signals traveling along neurons, are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuronal membrane. This movement creates changes in the membrane potential, leading to the propagation of the electrical signal along the neuron. Glucose is a source of energy for neurons but is not directly involved in generating action potentials. Neurotransmitters are involved in communication between neurons but do not directly generate action potentials. Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates and speeds up the conduction of action potentials but does not generate them.

4. How can bacteria acquire new genetic material from their environment?

• A. Transformation
• B. Transduction
• C. Conjugation
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Transformation: Transformation is the process by which bacteria can take up free DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome, leading to the acquisition of new genetic material and traits. B) Transduction: Transduction involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage, a virus that infects bacteria. The bacteriophage carries bacterial DNA from one host cell to another, facilitating the transfer of genetic material. C) Conjugation: Conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria where genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells in direct contact. This transfer is facilitated by a conjugative plasmid carrying the genetic information. Therefore, all the processes mentioned (transformation, transduction, and conjugation) are ways in which bacteria can acquire new genetic material from their environment.

5. What is the network of vessels and ducts responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues?

• A. Circulatory system
• B. Digestive system
• C. Lymphatic system
• D. Respiratory system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the Lymphatic system (option C). The lymphatic system is responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues. It works alongside the circulatory system to maintain fluid balance in the body. The circulatory system (option A) transports blood, the digestive system (option B) processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste, while the respiratory system (option D) is responsible for gas exchange, specifically the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

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