Nursing Elites

1. What is the role of the spleen in the body?

• A. To produce bile
• B. To filter blood and remove old red blood cells
• C. To produce red blood cells
• D. To store fat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The spleen acts as a blood filter, removing old or damaged red blood cells. It also plays a role in immune responses, storing blood reserves, and helping to fight infection. The production of bile is primarily associated with the liver, not the spleen. While the bone marrow is responsible for red blood cell production, the spleen's main functions do not include this process. Storing fat is not a primary function of the spleen.

2. According to the wave theory of light, the bright fringes observed in a double-slit experiment correspond to:

• A. Constructive interference
• B. Destructive interference
• C. Increased diffraction
• D. Total internal reflection

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a double-slit experiment based on the wave theory of light, the bright fringes are the result of constructive interference. Constructive interference occurs when light waves from the two slits arrive at a point in phase, reinforcing each other and creating a bright fringe. This reinforcement leads to the constructive addition of the wave amplitudes, resulting in a bright spot on the screen. Destructive interference, which would result in dark fringes, occurs when waves are out of phase and cancel each other out. Increased diffraction and total internal reflection are not related to the formation of bright fringes in a double-slit experiment. Therefore, the correct answer is constructive interference.

3. What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred between atoms?

• A. Transfer bond
• B. Static bond
• C. Covalent bond
• D. Ionic bond

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: Ionic bond.' An ionic bond is formed when electrons are transferred between atoms. In an ionic bond, one atom donates electrons to another atom, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions that are attracted to each other, creating a strong bond. Choice A, 'Transfer bond,' is incorrect because there is no common term known as a 'Transfer bond' in chemistry. Choice B, 'Static bond,' is incorrect as it does not describe the process of electron transfer between atoms. Choice C, 'Covalent bond,' is incorrect because in a covalent bond, electrons are shared between atoms rather than transferred outright, making it different from an ionic bond.

4. Where is keratin found?

• A. It is a protein-digesting enzyme released by the stomach.
• B. It is released in the neuromuscular junction.
• C. It is a protein found in the hypodermis.
• D. It is a protein found in hair.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails, providing strength and protection. It forms the main structural component of hair, making choice D the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because keratin is not an enzyme released by the stomach, not released in the neuromuscular junction, and not found in the hypodermis. Remember that keratin is primarily associated with structural support in epithelial cells.

5. Where does cellular respiration, the process of converting chemical energy into ATP, take place in eukaryotic cells?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Ribosomes
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cellular respiration, the process of converting chemical energy into ATP, takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they are responsible for generating most of the cell's ATP through the process of cellular respiration. This process involves the breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules to produce ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. The other organelles listed in the options (nucleus, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus) do not play a direct role in cellular respiration. The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic material, ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, and the Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins for secretion or internal use.

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