Nursing Elites

1. What is the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)?

• A. NaCl + H2O
• B. NaOH + HCl
• C. Na2Cl + H2O
• D. NaClO3 + H2

Correct answer: A

Rationale: When hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), it forms sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O) according to the following chemical equation: HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O. Therefore, the correct answer is NaCl + H2O (Choice A). This reaction is a classic acid-base neutralization reaction where the acid (HCl) reacts with the base (NaOH) to form a salt (NaCl) and water (H2O). Choice B (NaOH + HCl) is incorrect because the order of the reactants matters in a chemical reaction, and in this case, HCl is the acid reacting with NaOH. Choices C (Na2Cl + H2O) and D (NaClO3 + H2) are incorrect because they do not represent the products of the reaction between HCl and NaOH as per the balanced chemical equation.

2. Which part of the brain regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst?

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Hypothalamus
• C. Thalamus
• D. Medulla oblongata

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the brain that regulates various essential functions to maintain homeostasis. It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and plays a key role in the autonomic nervous system. The cerebellum is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance, the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, and the medulla oblongata is responsible for vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not govern the specific functions mentioned in the question.

3. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting which neurotransmitter?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Acetylcholine
• C. Serotonin
• D. Glutamate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in coordinating movement. The reduction of dopamine levels leads to the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Choice B, acetylcholine, is involved in functions like muscle contraction and autonomic nervous system regulation but is not primarily affected in Parkinson's disease. Serotonin (Choice C) is involved in mood regulation and sleep, not the main neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson's disease. Glutamate (Choice D) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is not primarily implicated in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology.

4. In the human skeleton, which of the following lists some of the vertebrae in descending order?

• A. Atlas, axis, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx.
• B. Axis, sacral, coccyx, atlas, lumbar, thoracic.
• C. Thoracic, sacral, lumbar, axis, coccyx, atlas.
• D. Coccyx, lumbar, axis, sacral, thoracic, atlas.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct order of some of the vertebrae in the human skeleton in descending order is Atlas, Axis, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx. This sequence follows the typical arrangement from the top of the spine down towards the pelvis. Choice B is incorrect as it does not follow the descending order of vertebrae. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with Thoracic which is not the first vertebra in the descending order. Choice D is incorrect as it starts with Coccyx which is the last vertebra in the descending order.

5. When a patient is lying flat on their back, which of the following positions are they in?

• A. Prone.
• B. Supine.
• C. Lateral.
• D. Medial.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When a patient is lying flat on their back, they are in the supine position. In the supine position, the person's face is facing upward, and their back is touching the surface they are lying on. This position is commonly used for medical examinations and procedures. Choice A, 'Prone,' refers to lying face down, not on the back. Choice C, 'Lateral,' indicates lying on the side. Choice D, 'Medial,' pertains to the middle or center, not a position in relation to lying on the back.

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