Nursing Elites

1. What is the normal (complete) flow of blood through the heart?

• A. Right atrium → lungs → left atrium → body
• B. Left atrium → left ventricle → body → right atrium
• C. Right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body
• D. Right ventricle → left ventricle → body

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct flow of blood through the heart starts with the right atrium receiving deoxygenated blood from the body, followed by the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the left atrium, then passes to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body through the aorta. This flow ensures that blood is properly oxygenated before circulating through the body. Choice A is incorrect as the blood does not go directly from the left atrium to the body, skipping the left ventricle. Choice B is incorrect as it does not follow the correct flow sequence in the heart. Choice D is incorrect as it does not include the full pathway of blood through the heart.

2. Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?

• A. Cytosol
• B. Nucleus
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, the liquid component of the cytoplasm, not in the nucleus, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum. It is the initial step in cellular respiration and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid. The process takes place in the cytosol as it does not require membrane-bound organelles like the mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum for its completion.

3. What is the name of the structure that packages DNA in eukaryotic cells?

• A. Nucleosome
• B. Chromatin
• C. Histone
• D. Centromere

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells. It consists of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. - Chromatin refers to the complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, including nucleosomes. - Histones are the proteins around which DNA is wrapped to form nucleosomes. - Centromere is a region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and to which spindle fibers attach during cell division.

4. Which of the following is used to record the measurable electrical activity of the brain?

• A. CAT scan
• B. MRI scan
• C. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• D. X-ray

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is an Electroencephalogram (EEG). An EEG is specifically designed to record the measurable electrical activity of the brain. It does so by using small, flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp to detect brain activity. This test is crucial in diagnosing various conditions like seizures, epilepsy, head injuries, dizziness, headaches, and brain tumors. The other options, CAT scan, MRI scan, and X-ray, are imaging techniques that do not directly measure the brain's electrical activity. CAT scan and MRI scan provide detailed images of the brain's structure, while X-ray is more suited for visualizing bone structures or dense tissues.

5. What is the function of the pituitary gland?

• A. Produces hormones that regulate growth and metabolism
• B. Filters blood and removes waste products
• C. Stores and releases bile
• D. Produces red blood cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Produces hormones that regulate growth and metabolism. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it produces and releases hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. It does not filter blood or remove waste products (option B), store and release bile (option C), or produce red blood cells (option D). The pituitary gland's primary role is in hormone production and regulation, influencing many essential functions in the body.

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