Nursing Elites

1. What is apoptosis, and how is it involved in embryonic development?

• A. Uncontrolled cell growth
• B. Programmed cell death
• C. DNA replication
• D. Cell division

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death, not uncontrolled cell growth (Choice A). It plays a vital role in embryonic development by eliminating unnecessary or damaged cells, sculpting organs, and ensuring proper tissue organization. Through apoptosis, the embryo undergoes controlled cell death to shape structures accurately. This mechanism is essential for the precise development of organs and tissues, emphasizing the significance of apoptosis in embryogenesis. DNA replication (Choice C) and cell division (Choice D) are essential cellular processes but are not directly related to apoptosis or its role in embryonic development.

2. The adrenal glands are part of which system?

• A. Immune system
• B. Endocrine system
• C. Lymphatic system
• D. Respiratory system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Endocrine system. The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system, not the immune, lymphatic, or respiratory system. The endocrine system is responsible for producing and regulating hormones that control various bodily functions. The adrenal glands specifically produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are critical for the body's response to stress and metabolic processes. The immune system is responsible for defending the body against infections and diseases, the lymphatic system is involved in immunity and fluid balance, and the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange in the body. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect in the context of the adrenal glands.

3. Which type of cell has a nucleus but lacks membrane-bound organelles?

• A. Plant cell
• B. Prokaryotic cell
• C. Animal cell
• D. Fungal cell

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having a nucleus that is not enclosed within a membrane (nuclear envelope) and lacking membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Plant, animal, and fungal cells are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope and contain membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, options A, C, and D are incorrect as they all represent eukaryotic cells that possess membrane-bound organelles.

4. Which of the following equations represents a redox reaction?

• A. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
• B. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
• C. 2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2
• D. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons between reactants. In option B, Zn loses electrons to form Zn2+ while H+ gains electrons to form H2. This exchange of electrons demonstrates a redox reaction, making choice B the correct answer. In options A, C, and D, there is no clear transfer of electrons between the reactants, indicating that they are not redox reactions. Option A represents a synthesis reaction, option C represents a decomposition reaction, and option D represents a combustion reaction. These types of reactions do not involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, unlike a redox reaction.

5. What is the main target organ for insulin, the hormone produced by the pancreas?

• A. Liver
• B. Kidneys
• C. Muscles
• D. Brain

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The main target organ for insulin is muscles. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism by promoting the uptake of glucose into muscle cells. This glucose can then be utilized for energy production or stored for later use. Therefore, muscles are the primary site where insulin exerts its effects on glucose uptake and utilization. The liver primarily responds to insulin by regulating glucose storage and release, but the main target for insulin-mediated glucose uptake is muscles. Kidneys are not a target organ for insulin action in glucose metabolism. The brain does not heavily rely on insulin for glucose uptake as it primarily uses glucose independently of insulin for energy production.

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