Nursing Elites

1. What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity, located at the back of the human body?

• A. Cranial and spinal
• B. Dorsal and ventral
• C. Lateral and proximal
• D. Inferior and superior

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cranial and spinal. The dorsal cavity, situated at the back of the human body, is divided into the cranial cavity (housing the brain) and the spinal cavity (housing the spinal cord). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the correct subdivisions of the dorsal cavity. Option B (Dorsal and ventral) is incorrect as it confuses the dorsal cavity with the dorsal and ventral body planes. Option C (Lateral and proximal) and option D (Inferior and superior) are incorrect as they refer to different anatomical terms that do not apply to the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity.

2. Which indicator is commonly used to distinguish between acidic and basic solutions?

• A. Methyl orange
• B. Phenolphthalein
• C. Universal indicator
• D. All of the above are common indicators.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Phenolphthalein is commonly used to differentiate between acidic and basic solutions. It changes color, turning pink in basic solutions and remaining colorless in acidic solutions due to a specific pH range. While methyl orange and universal indicator are also indicators used for pH testing, phenolphthalein is especially known for its distinctive color change in response to acidic and basic solutions, making it the correct choice. Methyl orange is typically used in titrations for a sharp color change at a specific pH, and the universal indicator is a mixture of indicators displaying a range of colors depending on the pH value, not specifically tailored to acidic and basic distinctions.

3. Which type of white blood cell directly attacks and destroys pathogens like bacteria and viruses?

• A. Neutrophils
• B. Lymphocytes
• C. Monocytes
• D. Eosinophils

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system's response to infections. They are phagocytes, meaning they engulf and destroy pathogens like bacteria and viruses. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are known for their rapid response to infections, making them the primary cell type that directly attacks and destroys pathogens. Lymphocytes, although important in adaptive immunity, are not primarily responsible for directly attacking and destroying pathogens. Monocytes are involved in phagocytosis and immune response regulation but are not the primary cell type for direct pathogen destruction like neutrophils. Eosinophils are mainly involved in combating multicellular parasites and are not the primary cell type for targeting bacteria and viruses.

4. Which of the following is a special property of water?

• A. Water does not easily flow through phospholipid bilayers.
• B. A water molecule's oxygen atom does not allow fish to breathe.
• C. Water is highly cohesive, which explains its high melting point.
• D. Water cannot self-hydrolyze and decompose into hydrogen and oxygen.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Water is highly cohesive, meaning it is attracted to itself due to its hydrogen bonding properties. This cohesion is the reason why water has a high melting point compared to other liquids of similar molecular weight. It is crucial for the existence of life on Earth as it allows water to remain a liquid within a wide range of temperatures, providing a stable environment for biological processes to occur. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Water's cohesive property does not directly relate to its ability to flow through phospholipid bilayers, assist fish in breathing, or self-hydrolyze into hydrogen and oxygen.

5. What is the muscular tube that transports sperm from the testes to the urethra called?

• A. Epididymis
• B. Vas deferens
• C. Seminal vesicle
• D. Cowper's gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the vas deferens. It is the muscular tube responsible for carrying sperm from the testes to the urethra. After sperm is produced in the testes, it moves to the epididymis for maturation and storage. The seminal vesicle contributes fluid to semen, but it is not the tube that transports sperm. Cowper's gland also adds fluid to semen but is not involved in transporting sperm. Therefore, the vas deferens is the accurate choice for the muscular tube that transports sperm.

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