Nursing Elites

1. What are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity called?

• A. Peptides
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Prions
• D. Platelets

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called peptides. Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play a crucial role in activating the immune response by interacting with immune cells such as T cells and B cells. Peptides are important in antigen presentation and recognition, leading to the development of specific immune responses against pathogens. Choice B, phagocytes, are cells that engulf and digest pathogens but are not substances that stimulate adaptive immunity. Choice C, prions, are infectious agents made of misfolded proteins and are not related to stimulating adaptive immunity. Choice D, platelets, are cell fragments involved in blood clotting and have no direct role in stimulating adaptive immunity.

2. Which of the following are the abdominal quadrants?

• A. RUQ, RLQ, LLQ, LUQ
• B. RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
• C. LUQ, RUQ, LLQ, RLQ
• D. LLQ, LUQ, RUQ, RLQ

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ. The four abdominal quadrants are named as follows: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ). These quadrants are used in healthcare to describe specific areas of the abdomen during assessments and discussions related to abdominal anatomy and pathology. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the standard order of the abdominal quadrants.

3. Which of the following structures can serve as a passageway for both food and air?

• A. Esophagus
• B. Laryngopharynx
• C. Nasopharynx
• D. Trachea

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Laryngopharynx. It is a common passageway for both food and air. The Esophagus (Choice A) is solely for transporting food from the throat to the stomach. The Nasopharynx (Choice C) is primarily involved in the passage of air. The Trachea (Choice D) is responsible for conducting air to and from the lungs and does not play a role in the passage of food.

4. The transfer of energy through feeding relationships in an ecosystem is called a:

• A. Food Chain
• B. Food Web
• C. Habitat
• D. Biome

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where each organism consumes the one below it and is consumed by the one above it. This transfer of energy through feeding relationships is a fundamental concept in ecology to understand how energy flows through an ecosystem. In a food chain, energy is transferred from producers (plants) to primary consumers (herbivores), then to secondary consumers (carnivores), and so on. Each step in the food chain represents a trophic level, and energy is lost as heat at each level, resulting in a pyramid-shaped energy flow. Food webs, on the other hand, represent a more complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem. Habitats refer to the specific environments where organisms live, and biomes are large geographical areas characterized by specific climates and vegetation types. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Food Chain' as it specifically describes the linear transfer of energy through feeding relationships in an ecosystem.

5. How does an increase in surface area affect the force of friction between two surfaces?

• A. Increases friction
• B. Decreases friction
• C. Has no effect on friction
• D. Causes unpredictable changes in friction

Correct answer: A

Rationale: An increase in surface area typically increases the force of friction between two surfaces. This is because with a larger surface area in contact, there are more points of contact between the surfaces, leading to a greater frictional force resisting motion. As a result, the correct answer is that an increase in surface area increases the force of friction between two surfaces. Choice B is incorrect because a greater surface area increases the frictional force. Choice C is incorrect because an increase in surface area results in more contact points and greater friction. Choice D is incorrect as the relationship between surface area and friction is predictable - an increase in surface area generally leads to an increase in frictional force.

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