Nursing Elites

1. What are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity called?

• A. Peptides
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Prions
• D. Platelets

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called peptides. Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play a crucial role in activating the immune response by interacting with immune cells such as T cells and B cells. Peptides are important in antigen presentation and recognition, leading to the development of specific immune responses against pathogens. Choice B, phagocytes, are cells that engulf and digest pathogens but are not substances that stimulate adaptive immunity. Choice C, prions, are infectious agents made of misfolded proteins and are not related to stimulating adaptive immunity. Choice D, platelets, are cell fragments involved in blood clotting and have no direct role in stimulating adaptive immunity.

2. During embryonic development, all tissues originate from

• A. Epithelial tissue only
• B. Muscle tissue only
• C. Connective tissue only
• D. Embryonic germ layers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During embryonic development, all tissues originate from the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers give rise to various tissues and organs in the developing embryo through a process called gastrulation. Epithelial, muscle, and connective tissues are derived from these germ layers during development. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as tissues do not originate from a single type of tissue but rather from the embryonic germ layers which differentiate into various tissues and organs.

3. Define the term 'velocity' in relation to motion.

• A. Speed in a specific direction
• B. Distance traveled in a given time
• C. Rate of change of position
• D. Acceleration due to gravity

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Velocity is a vector quantity that describes the speed of an object along with its direction of motion. Unlike speed, which is a scalar quantity focusing solely on the magnitude of motion, velocity considers both speed and direction. Therefore, the best definition of velocity is 'speed in a specific direction.' Choice B, 'Distance traveled in a given time,' is incorrect as it defines speed rather than velocity. Choice C, 'Rate of change of position,' is more aligned with the definition of velocity but lacks the specificity of direction. Choice D, 'Acceleration due to gravity,' is unrelated to the definition of velocity and refers to a different concept in physics.

4. What is the term for a solution that has exactly the same concentration of solute as another solution?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Isotonic solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: An isotonic solution is a solution that has the same concentration of solute as another solution. When cells are placed in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane, maintaining equilibrium. Choice A, a saturated solution, refers to a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature. Choice B, an unsaturated solution, is a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions. Choice D, a concentrated solution, is a solution with a high amount of solute compared to the solvent.

5. Which of the following is the best unit to measure the amount of blood in the human body?

• A. Ounces
• B. Liters
• C. Milliliters
• D. Pounds

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Liters are the best unit to measure the amount of blood in the human body because blood volume is typically measured in liters in the medical field. Using liters provides a standardized and accurate measurement of the significant amount of blood in the human body, which is typically around 5-6 liters for an average-sized adult. Other units like ounces, milliliters, and pounds are not commonly used to measure blood volume in clinical settings. Ounces are too small a unit for measuring blood volume, milliliters are less commonly used in this context compared to liters, and pounds are a unit of weight rather than volume.

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