Nursing Elites

1. The sugar to which all other sugars are converted during human metabolism is:

• A. sucrose
• B. fructose
• C. glucose
• D. maltose

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Glucose is the primary sugar used by the body for energy and is converted from other sugars during metabolism. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, not the end product of sugar metabolism. Fructose is a simple sugar found in fruits but needs to be converted to glucose for cellular energy. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose units and is not the final product of sugar metabolism in humans.

2. What is the preferred fuel for the cells lining the colon?

• A. Short-chain fatty acids.
• B. Long-chain fatty acids.
• C. Amino acids.
• D. Glucose.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Short-chain fatty acids are the preferred fuel for the cells lining the colon. They provide energy and support gut health by serving as a fuel source for these cells. Long-chain fatty acids are not the preferred fuel for colon cells as they are harder to digest and absorb in this part of the digestive system. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and not the primary energy source for colon cells. Glucose is the main energy source for most cells in the body, but colon cells prefer short-chain fatty acids.

3. Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract?

• A. Secretin.
• B. Cholecystokinin (CCK).
• C. Gastrin.
• D. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the hormone responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. Secretin primarily acts on the pancreas to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid. Gastrin functions in the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, while Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) plays a role in inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating insulin release.

4. Which pathogenic bacterium is associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer?

• A. Lactobacillus.
• B. Bifidobacterium.
• C. H. pylori.
• D. E. coli.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is H. pylori. This bacterium is known to be associated with the development of peptic ulcers and an increased risk of gastric cancer. Lactobacillus (Choice A) and Bifidobacterium (Choice B) are probiotic bacteria that are beneficial to human health and not associated with causing these conditions. E. coli (Choice D) is a diverse group of bacteria, some of which can be pathogenic, but they are not primarily linked to peptic ulcers and gastric cancer like H. pylori.

5. In a low-carbohydrate diet, most of the calories are supplied by:

• A. proteins.
• B. fats.
• C. carbohydrates.
• D. vitamins.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a low-carbohydrate diet, fats become the primary source of calories as carbohydrate intake is restricted. Proteins can contribute to caloric intake but are not the primary source in a low-carbohydrate diet. Carbohydrates are intentionally limited in this diet, so they do not supply most of the calories. Vitamins are essential nutrients but do not provide calories.

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