Nursing Elites

1. Pepsinogen secreted by the gastric cells is converted into pepsin by:

• A. enterokinase
• B. hydrochloric acid
• C. gastric lipase
• D. pancreatic lipase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pepsinogen is converted into its active form, pepsin, by hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps in unfolding the pepsinogen molecule to transform it into pepsin, which is crucial for protein digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrochloric acid (choice B). Enterokinase (choice A) is an enzyme produced in the small intestine that activates trypsinogen into trypsin, not pepsinogen. Gastric lipase (choice C) is an enzyme that digests fats, not involved in converting pepsinogen to pepsin. Pancreatic lipase (choice D) is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that aids in breaking down fats in the small intestine, not part of the process of pepsin activation.

2. Which of the following enzymes is found in pancreatic secretions?

• A. Rennin
• B. Pepsin
• C. Chymotrypsin
• D. Casein

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Chymotrypsin is an enzyme found in pancreatic secretions that plays a role in protein digestion. Rennin is primarily found in the stomach and is involved in milk digestion. Pepsin is also a stomach enzyme that aids in protein breakdown. Casein is a protein found in milk, not an enzyme involved in pancreatic secretions. Therefore, the correct answer is Chymotrypsin.

3. Which component of fat can be used to make glucose through gluconeogenesis?

• A. Glycogen
• B. Fatty acids
• C. Glycerol
• D. Monoglyceride

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Glycerol.' Glycerol, a component of fat, can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glycogen (Choice A) is a polysaccharide stored in animals, not a component of fat. Fatty acids (Choice B) are used primarily for energy production through beta-oxidation, not for gluconeogenesis. Monoglyceride (Choice D) is a molecule formed during fat digestion, but it is not the component of fat that can be used to make glucose.

4. Plasma lipoproteins contain varying amounts of:

• A. ascorbic acid.
• B. triglycerides.
• C. lecithin.
• D. glucose.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: triglycerides. Plasma lipoproteins, such as LDL and HDL, contain triglycerides, cholesterol, and other fats. Ascorbic acid (choice A) is not typically found in plasma lipoproteins; it is a form of vitamin C. Lecithin (choice C) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes but is not a major component of plasma lipoproteins. Glucose (choice D) is a type of sugar and is not a primary component of plasma lipoproteins.

5. What are the rhythmic contractions that propel food through the intestinal tract called?

• A. Segmentation
• B. Peristalsis
• C. Cardiospasm
• D. Pendular movements

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Peristalsis is the correct answer because it refers to the rhythmic contractions that propel food through the intestinal tract by pushing it along the digestive system. Segmentation, on the other hand, refers to the mixing movements in the intestines rather than the forward movement of food. Cardiospasm is a condition characterized by difficulty swallowing due to the inability of the esophagus to relax, and pendular movements are a type of motility found in the small intestine but do not specifically refer to the propulsion of food.

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