Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following monosaccharides is considered one of the most important in human nutrition along with glucose and fructose?

• A. Lactose.
• B. Galactose.
• C. Maltose.
• D. Sucrose.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The most important monosaccharides in human nutrition are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Galactose is crucial as it is one of the main components of lactose, a disaccharide sugar found in milk. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as lactose, maltose, and sucrose are disaccharides composed of two monosaccharide units.

2. The rate of gastric emptying depends on the:

• A. time of day food is consumed.
• B. composition of food consumed.
• C. rate of food consumption.
• D. frequency of eating.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The rate at which the stomach empties its contents is primarily determined by the composition of the food consumed. Foods high in fat and protein tend to slow down gastric emptying, while foods high in carbohydrates usually pass through more quickly. Therefore, the composition of food consumed directly impacts the rate of gastric emptying. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly affect the rate of gastric emptying.

3. What is the function of chylomicrons?

• A. Produced in the hepatic system.
• B. Composed of triglycerides and cholesterol only.
• C. Absorbed in the large intestine.
• D. Cleared from the blood by lipoprotein lipase.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Chylomicrons are particles that transport dietary fats from the small intestine to cells in the body. They are cleared from the bloodstream by lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol. This process allows fats to be absorbed by the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because chylomicrons are not formed in the hepatic system, they are composed of various lipids including triglycerides and cholesterol, and they are absorbed in the small intestine, not the large intestine.

4. Major nutrients supplied by foods in the Vegetables group of MyPlate include:

• A. potassium and vitamin A.
• B. iron and vitamin C.
• C. calcium and vitamin B12.
• D. sodium and vitamin E.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: potassium and vitamin A. Vegetables are an excellent source of potassium and vitamin A, both essential for maintaining overall health. Iron and vitamin C (choice B) are commonly found in foods from the Protein and Fruits groups, respectively. Calcium and vitamin B12 (choice C) are more abundant in dairy products and animal-based foods. Sodium and vitamin E (choice D) are not the major nutrients typically supplied by vegetables.

5. At what pH does the digestion of protein by pepsin in the stomach require?

• A. 1.8 and 3.5.
• B. 4.8 and 7.0.
• C. 6.8 and 8.5.
• D. 7.8 and 10.0.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1.8 and 3.5. Pepsin, an enzyme involved in protein digestion, functions optimally in an acidic environment, specifically between pH 1.8 and 3.5. This low pH is necessary for pepsin to break down proteins effectively. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because pepsin requires a highly acidic environment, ruling out the pH ranges listed in those options.

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