Nursing Elites

1. How are the bones of the skull classified?

• A. Long bones
• B. Short bones
• C. Flat bones
• D. Irregular bones

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The bones of the skull are classified as flat bones. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved bones that provide protection to underlying organs and have a large surface area for muscle attachment. The skull bones fit this description as they protect the brain and have a broad surface for muscle attachment. Choice A (Long bones), B (Short bones), and D (Irregular bones) are incorrect classifications. Long bones are typically found in the extremities like the arms and legs, short bones are cube-shaped like the wrist and ankle bones, and irregular bones have complex shapes like the vertebrae. These classifications do not describe the bones of the skull, which are predominantly flat bones.

2. What is the term for a solution that has a higher concentration of solute compared to another solution?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Dilute solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, a concentrated solution. A concentrated solution contains a higher concentration of solute compared to another solution. This means there is a large amount of solute dissolved in the solvent, making it more concentrated than other solutions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature, an unsaturated solution can dissolve more solute at the given conditions, and a dilute solution has a low concentration of solute relative to the solvent.

3. Which system's primary function is protection, sensory reception, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, insulation, and vitamin D absorption?

• A. Nervous system
• B. Integumentary system
• C. Endocrine system
• D. Digestive system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Integumentary system (Option B). The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands, serves various functions such as providing protection against external factors, sensory reception, regulating body temperature (thermoregulation), maintaining water balance (osmoregulation), insulating the body, and absorbing vitamin D from sunlight. The nervous system (Option A) is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body. The endocrine system (Option C) produces and secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions. The digestive system (Option D) is involved in breaking down food for nutrient absorption. Therefore, the primary functions described in the question align with those of the integumentary system, making it the correct choice.

4. Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Golgi apparatus
• D. Ribosome

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. The other organelles listed, such as the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and ribosome, have different functions within the cell and are not directly involved in energy production. The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic material and controlling cell activities. The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

5. What are the three layers of the skin?

• A. Epidermis, dermis, subdermis
• B. Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
• C. Dermis, subdermis, hypodermis
• D. Epidermis, dermis, adipose layer

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis. The three layers of the skin are the epidermis (outer layer), dermis (middle layer), and hypodermis (inner layer of fat and connective tissue). The hypodermis is also known as the subcutaneous tissue and is primarily composed of adipose (fat) tissue, providing insulation and padding to the body. Choice A is incorrect as 'subdermis' is not a recognized layer of the skin. Choice C is incorrect as 'dermis' is the middle layer, not the outer layer. Choice D is incorrect as the layer below the dermis is the hypodermis, not specifically an 'adipose layer.'

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