Nursing Elites

1. Electrons occupy specific energy levels around the nucleus, but not in fixed orbits. This concept is captured by the:

• A. Bohr model
• B. Quantum mechanical model
• C. Lewis structure
• D. Octet rule

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Quantum mechanical model. Unlike the Bohr model with its defined electron paths, the quantum mechanical model uses probability distributions to describe electron locations within energy levels. Choice A, the Bohr model, describes fixed electron orbits, which is not in line with the concept of electron distribution in energy levels. Choices C and D, Lewis structure and Octet rule respectively, are not related to the description of electron distribution around the nucleus in energy levels, making them incorrect answers.

2. During normal breathing, which muscle is the primary driver of inhalation by contracting and flattening to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation during normal breathing. When it contracts, it flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a negative pressure that allows air to flow into the lungs. Intercostal muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation, but the diaphragm is the main driver of the process. Abdominal muscles are primarily involved in exhalation by pushing the diaphragm upward to expel air from the lungs. Pectoral muscles are involved in movements of the arms and shoulders, not in breathing, making them incorrect choices for this question.

3. During which stage of meiosis II are sister chromatids separated, resulting in four genetically unique daughter cells?

• A. Prophase I
• B. Prophase II
• C. Anaphase I
• D. Anaphase II

Correct answer: D

Rationale: - Prophase I occurs in meiosis I, not meiosis II. During Prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material in a process called crossing over. - Prophase II is the stage where the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers start to reappear, preparing the cell for division. Sister chromatids are still attached during Prophase II. - Anaphase I is the stage in meiosis I where homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell. - Anaphase II is the stage in meiosis II where sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell, resulting in four genetically unique daughter cells. This is the stage where the final separation of genetic material occurs, leading to the formation of haploid daughter cells.

4. What is the main difference between a nuclear reactor and a nuclear bomb?

• A. Reactors use enriched uranium, while bombs use natural uranium.
• B. Reactors have controlled chain reactions, while bombs have uncontrolled chain reactions.
• C. Reactors generate electricity, while bombs cause explosions.
• D. Reactors use moderators, while bombs don't.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The main difference between a nuclear reactor and a nuclear bomb is that reactors have controlled chain reactions, while bombs have uncontrolled chain reactions. Nuclear reactors are designed to sustain a controlled nuclear reaction to generate electricity. In contrast, nuclear bombs are designed to release a massive amount of energy in an uncontrolled chain reaction, resulting in an explosion. Choice A is incorrect because both reactors and bombs can use enriched uranium. Choice C is incorrect as nuclear reactors also generate electricity, not just bombs. Choice D is incorrect because both reactors and bombs may or may not use moderators, but the key distinction lies in the control of the chain reaction.

5. Which term refers to a position farther from the midline of the body? For example, the little toe is lateral to the big toe on the same foot.

• A. Lateral
• B. Medial
• C. Proximal
• D. Distal

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lateral. Lateral refers to a position farther away from the midline of the body. In the example provided, the little toe is indeed lateral to the big toe on the same foot. This is in contrast to 'medial,' which means closer to the midline. 'Proximal' refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body, while 'distal' refers to a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

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