Nursing Elites

1. During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles?

• A. Atrial diastole
• B. Ventricular systole
• C. Atrial systole
• D. Ventricular diastole

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Atrial systole is the phase of the cardiac cycle during which the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. This occurs after the atria have been filled during atrial diastole. Ventricular systole refers to the phase when the ventricles contract to push blood out of the heart, not when the atria contract. Ventricular diastole is the phase when the ventricles relax and fill with blood, not when the atria contract. Therefore, the correct answer is atrial systole as it specifically describes the atrial contraction phase.

2. Which of the following is an example of the location and function of cartilage in the body?

• A. The dense connective tissue that makes up the majority of the structural skeleton
• B. The supportive pads that provide cushioning at joints, such as between the vertebrae of the spinal cord
• C. The connective structure made of fibrous collagen that connects muscles and bones
• D. The layer beneath the skin and on the outside of internal organs that provides cushioning and protection

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cartilage is a type of flexible connective tissue that acts as supportive pads providing cushioning at joints, like those found between the vertebrae of the spine. This specific function of cartilage helps in reducing friction and absorbing shock in these areas, contributing to joint flexibility and protection. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe the function and location of cartilage in the body. Option A incorrectly refers to dense connective tissue, which is different from cartilage. Option C describes tendons or ligaments, which are not cartilage. Option D refers to adipose tissue, which is a type of connective tissue that stores fat and provides insulation, but it is not cartilage.

3. Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in the regulation of balance, coordination, and posture?

• A. Thalamus
• B. Cerebrum
• C. Cerebellum
• D. Hypothalamus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The cerebellum is the part of the brain that plays a crucial role in the regulation of balance, coordination, and posture. It receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to coordinate voluntary movements. While the thalamus is involved in relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, the cerebrum is responsible for higher brain functions such as thought and action. The hypothalamus is involved in various bodily functions including the regulation of body temperature, hunger, and thirst, but it is not primarily responsible for balance, coordination, and posture. Therefore, the correct answer is the cerebellum.

4. When water boils, it changes from a liquid to a gas. This is an example of a:

• A. Chemical reaction
• B. Physical change
• C. Nuclear reaction
• D. Biological process

Correct answer: B

Rationale: This is a physical change because boiling water involves a change in state from liquid to gas without altering the chemical composition of the water molecules. In a chemical reaction, new substances are formed by breaking and forming chemical bonds, which is not the case during boiling. A nuclear reaction involves changes in atomic nuclei, which are not occurring during boiling. A biological process refers to activities related to living organisms, which is not applicable to the change from liquid to gas in boiling water.

5. How many tissue layers make up the uterus?

• A. One.
• B. Two.
• C. Three.
• D. Four.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Three.' The uterus is composed of three tissue layers: the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium. The endometrium is the innermost layer that thickens during the menstrual cycle and sheds during menstruation or supports a developing embryo during pregnancy. The myometrium is the middle layer, consisting of muscle tissue that contracts during labor. The perimetrium is the outer layer that covers the uterus. These three layers work together to support the functions of the uterus, such as menstruation, pregnancy, and labor. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the uterus is not made up of just one or two layers but rather three distinct tissue layers.

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