Nursing Elites

1. What does the P-wave in an ECG correspond to?

• A. Atrial repolarization
• B. Depolarization of SA node
• C. Ventricular depolarization
• D. Ventricular repolarization

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The P-wave in an ECG represents the depolarization of the SA node and the atria, not atrial repolarization. Choice C, ventricular depolarization, is incorrect because the P-wave does not correspond to ventricular activity. Choice D, ventricular repolarization, is also incorrect as the P-wave does not depict ventricular repolarization. The correct interpretation is that the P-wave signifies the initiation of the electrical impulse at the SA node and subsequent atrial depolarization, making option B the correct answer.

2. What is the term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution?

• A. Molarity
• B. Molality
• C. Normality
• D. Concentration

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Molarity is the correct term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It is expressed as moles of solute divided by liters of solution. Molality (B) is similar but is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Normality (C) is the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution, and Concentration (D) is a general term for the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution. Therefore, the correct answer is A, molarity, as it specifically refers to moles of solute per liter of solution.

3. What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

• A. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do not
• B. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
• C. Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells do not.
• D. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - Prokaryotic cells are simpler and do not have a true nucleus. Their genetic material is located in the nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by a membrane. - Eukaryotic cells are more complex and have a true nucleus that houses the genetic material, enclosed within a nuclear membrane. - Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have organelles, but eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, while prokaryotic cells lack these membrane-bound organelles.

4. What is glucagon, where is it produced, and what is its function?

• A. Produced in the liver, releases glucose
• B. Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar
• C. Produced in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar
• D. Produced in the adrenal glands, regulates stress response

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas and functions to raise blood sugar levels. It does so by signaling the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 'Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar.' Choices A, C, and D describe functions or locations of other hormones, not glucagon. Glucagon is specifically released by alpha cells in the pancreas, making option B the correct choice.

5. Which of the following structures acts like a funnel by delivering urine from the millions of collecting tubules to the ureters?

• A. The renal pelvis
• B. The renal cortex
• C. The renal medulla
• D. Bowman's capsule

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The renal pelvis. The renal pelvis serves as a reservoir for urine collected from the kidney's numerous collecting tubules, funneling it into the ureters for transport to the bladder. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney involved in filtration, while the renal medulla is the inner region responsible for concentrating urine. Bowman's capsule is part of the nephron and is involved in the initial filtration of blood in the kidney, not in funneling urine to the ureters.

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