Nursing Elites

1. During which of the following stages does crossing over occur?

• A. Mitosis Prophase
• B. Meiosis Prophase I
• C. Meiosis Prophase II
• D. Interphase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of meiosis. This stage is specifically associated with genetic recombination, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. This process contributes to genetic diversity by creating new combinations of alleles. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. In mitosis, crossing over does not occur as it involves the separation of replicated chromosomes. Meiosis Prophase II is focused on the reformation of nuclei and does not involve crossing over. Interphase is a stage where the cell prepares for division and is not associated with crossing over.

2. Which system is responsible for transporting nutrients, gases, and wastes in the body?

• A. Respiratory system
• B. Digestive system
• C. Circulatory system
• D. Nervous system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from the cells in the body. It includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which work together to distribute oxygen, nutrients, and remove waste products throughout the body. The respiratory system is primarily involved in gas exchange, the digestive system breaks down food for absorption, and the nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.

3. What is the recommended daily intake of protein for adults to maintain healthy muscle mass?

• A. 0.5 grams per kilogram of body weight
• B. 1 gram per kilogram of body weight
• C. 1.5 grams per kilogram of body weight
• D. 2 grams per kilogram of body weight

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The recommended daily intake of protein for adults to maintain healthy muscle mass is typically around 1 gram per kilogram of body weight. This amount can vary based on individual factors such as activity level, age, and overall health status. Consuming an adequate amount of protein is essential for muscle repair and growth, as well as overall health and functioning of the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they suggest protein intake levels that are either too low (A) or unnecessarily high (C and D) for maintaining healthy muscle mass. Excessive protein intake can strain the kidneys and may not provide additional benefits for muscle health beyond the recommended levels.

4. What phenomenon occurs when a wave encounters a change in medium causing a change in its speed and direction?

• A. Refraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Diffraction
• D. Interference

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Refraction is the phenomenon that occurs when a wave encounters a change in medium, causing a change in its speed and direction. This change in speed and direction is due to the wave bending as it passes from one medium to another with a different density. It is essential to understand refraction as it plays a crucial role in various phenomena, such as the bending of light in lenses, the formation of rainbows, and the way seismic waves travel through the Earth's layers. Reflection, while also a wave phenomenon, involves the bouncing back of a wave when it encounters a boundary. Diffraction refers to the bending of waves around obstacles or through openings, and interference involves the combination of two or more waves to form a new wave pattern.

5. What do Newton's rings visually demonstrate?

• A. Diffraction
• B. Doppler effect
• C. Polarization
• D. Thin-film interference

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Newton's rings are a series of concentric colored rings observed when light is reflected between a spherical surface and a flat surface. This phenomenon is a result of thin-film interference, where light waves reflecting off the two surfaces interfere with each other constructively or destructively, leading to the observed pattern of rings. Diffraction, polarization, and the Doppler effect are not related to the specific phenomenon of Newton's rings. Diffraction refers to the bending of waves around obstacles, polarization deals with the orientation of electromagnetic waves, and the Doppler effect relates to the change in frequency of waves due to motion. Therefore, the correct answer is thin-film interference, as it precisely describes the phenomenon observed in Newton's rings.

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