Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?

• A. Directly attacking and engulfing pathogens
• B. Producing antibodies specific to a pathogen
• C. Destroying infected body cells
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: B cells are a type of white blood cell that primarily functions by producing antibodies specific to a pathogen. These antibodies play a crucial role in marking pathogens for destruction by other immune cells. While B cells are essential for the immune response, they do not directly attack and engulf pathogens or destroy infected body cells. These functions are carried out by other immune cells like macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it accurately reflects the primary role of B cells in the immune system.

2. Which hormone primarily triggers ovulation in the female menstrual cycle?

• A. Estrogen
• B. Progesterone
• C. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is the hormone primarily responsible for triggering ovulation in the female menstrual cycle. LH surge occurs around the middle of the menstrual cycle, causing the mature follicle to release an egg from the ovary. Estrogen and progesterone play crucial roles in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the endometrium for potential implantation of a fertilized egg, but they do not trigger ovulation directly. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for the development of ovarian follicles but is not the primary hormone responsible for ovulation. Therefore, the correct answer is Luteinizing hormone (LH) as it directly initiates the release of the egg during ovulation.

3. Which organ in the human body is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?

• A. Liver
• B. Kidneys
• C. Pancreas
• D. Heart

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kidneys. The kidneys are vital organs in the human body responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products and excess substances, producing urine as a result. The liver plays a role in detoxification and metabolism. The pancreas is involved in digestion and blood sugar regulation. The heart pumps blood throughout the body but does not filter blood or produce urine.

4. Which of the following is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body?

• A. Brainstem
• B. Hypothalamus
• C. Medulla oblongata
• D. Cerebrum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Hypothalamus (choice B). The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sleep cycles. While the brainstem (choice A) is involved in basic life functions like breathing and heart rate, it is not primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis. The medulla oblongata (choice C) is part of the brainstem and controls vital autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate, but it is not the main regulator of homeostasis. The cerebrum (choice D) is responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking, memory, and voluntary movement, but it is not directly involved in maintaining overall bodily balance or homeostasis.

5. Which hormone is produced by the pancreas to lower blood sugar levels?

• A. Glucagon
• B. Insulin
• C. Adrenaline
• D. Melatonin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in lowering blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production or storage. Glucagon, which is also produced by the pancreas, functions to increase blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of stored glucose. Adrenaline, produced by the adrenal glands, is involved in the fight-or-flight response and does not directly regulate blood sugar levels. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, primarily regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is not involved in blood sugar level control.

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