Nursing Elites

1. A spring with a spring constant of 100 N/m is stretched 0.2 m from its equilibrium position. What is the potential energy stored in the spring?

• A. 2 J
• B. 4 J
• C. 8 J
• D. 20 J

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The potential energy stored in a spring is given by the formula \(PE = \frac{1}{2}kx^2\), where \(k\) is the spring constant and \(x\) is the displacement from the equilibrium position. Substituting the given values, we get \(PE = \frac{1}{2} \times 100 \times (0.2)^2 = 8\) J.

2. During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation. When it contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs. While the intercostal muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation, the diaphragm is the main muscle involved in this process. Abdominal muscles and pectoral muscles are not directly involved in the process of inhalation.

3. If the pressure in the pulmonary artery is increased above normal, which chamber of the heart will be affected first?

• A. The right atrium
• B. The left atrium
• C. The right ventricle
• D. The left ventricle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When the pressure in the pulmonary artery is increased above normal, the right ventricle of the heart will be affected first. The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Increased pressure in the pulmonary artery can result in increased workload on the right ventricle as it tries to pump blood against higher resistance, leading to potential strain and dysfunction in the right ventricle. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the right ventricle is the chamber directly connected to the pulmonary artery, and it bears the immediate impact of any changes in pressure within this artery. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

4. To which of the following bone types do the spine and hips belong?

• A. Curved bones
• B. Irregular bones
• C. Flat bones
• D. Long bones

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Irregular bones. The spine and hips belong to the category of irregular bones. Irregular bones have complex shapes that do not fit into other bone type categories. These bones serve functions such as support and protection, and their shapes vary depending on their specific roles in the body. Choice A, curved bones, is incorrect because bones like ribs are typically described as curved, not the spine and hips. Choice C, flat bones, is incorrect as flat bones include the skull and ribs, but not the spine and hips. Choice D, long bones, is also incorrect because long bones include bones like the femur and humerus, which are elongated with a shaft and distinct ends, unlike the spine and hips.

5. Which part of the hair is not attached to the follicle?

• A. Bulb
• B. Root
• C. Shaft
• D. Strand

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Shaft.' The hair shaft is the part of the hair that extends above the skin surface and is not attached to the follicle. The bulb and root are parts that are connected to the follicle as they are located below the skin surface and play a role in hair growth. The strand, on the other hand, refers to a single hair fiber and is not a distinct part of the hair anatomy.

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