Nursing Elites

1. What is a reaction between an acid and a base known as?

• A. Precipitation
• B. Neutralization
• C. Oxidation-reduction
• D. Photolysis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Neutralization. When an acid and a base react, they neutralize each other's properties, resulting in the formation of water and a salt. Choice A, 'Precipitation,' refers to the formation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction. Choice C, 'Oxidation-reduction,' involves the transfer of electrons between reactants. Choice D, 'Photolysis,' is a reaction where a compound is broken down into smaller components by light energy. Therefore, the most appropriate term for a reaction between an acid and a base is neutralization.

2. How does polarization affect the intensity of light passing through a polarizing filter?

• A. All light passes through regardless of polarization.
• B. Light with the same polarization as the filter passes through, while others are blocked.
• C. Light with higher intensity passes through, while weaker light is blocked.
• D. The intensity is reduced for all light, regardless of polarization.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A polarizing filter only allows light waves with a specific orientation (polarization) to pass through while blocking light waves with different orientations. Therefore, light with the same polarization as the filter will pass through, while light with different polarizations will be blocked. This results in a reduction in intensity for light passing through the polarizing filter. Choice A is incorrect because a polarizing filter selectively filters light based on its polarization. Choice C is incorrect as the intensity of light passing through is determined by its polarization, not solely its intensity. Choice D is incorrect because a polarizing filter affects light based on its polarization, not uniformly reducing the intensity for all light passing through.

3. Passive transport does not require energy input from the cell. Which of the following is an example of passive transport?

• A. Active transport of ions across a membrane
• B. Diffusion of small molecules across a concentration gradient
• C. Movement of large molecules using vesicles
• D. Endocytosis of particles into the cell

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Passive transport refers to the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the input of energy. Diffusion of small molecules across a concentration gradient is a classic example of passive transport, as it occurs spontaneously from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Active transport (option A) requires energy input in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient. Movement of large molecules using vesicles (option C) involves processes like endocytosis and exocytosis that require energy in the form of ATP. Endocytosis of particles into the cell (option D) is an active process that requires energy expenditure by the cell to engulf and internalize extracellular substances.

4. What is the tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones at joints called?

• A. Cartilage
• B. Ligaments
• C. Tendons
• D. Fascia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ligaments are the tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones at joints, providing stability and support to prevent excessive movement and potential injury. Cartilage is a smooth, rubbery connective tissue that covers bone ends at joints. Tendons connect muscles to bones, enabling movement. Fascia surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, providing support and structure to these tissues. In this context, ligaments are specifically the connective tissues that bind bones together at joints, not cartilage, tendons, or fascia.

5. Which type of joint allows for the most movement?

• A. Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder)
• B. Hinge joint (elbow)
• C. Fibrocartilaginous joint (wrists)
• D. Suture joint (skull)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder). Ball-and-socket joints, exemplified by the shoulder joint, provide the widest range of movement among joint types. These joints facilitate flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation, allowing for versatile mobility. In a ball-and-socket joint, the rounded end of one bone fits into the socket of another bone, enabling extensive motion capabilities. Choice B, Hinge joint (elbow), allows movement in one plane, limiting its range compared to ball-and-socket joints. Choice C, Fibrocartilaginous joint (wrists), like the intervertebral discs, is meant for stability rather than extensive movement. Choice D, Suture joint (skull), found in the skull bones, is immovable and provides structural support rather than movement.

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