Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following represents the three main parts of a neuron?

• A. effector, cell body, axon
• B. dendrites, axon, cell body
• C. dendrites, axon, receptor
• D. synapse, axon, cell body

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A neuron consists of three main parts: dendrites, axon, and cell body. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. The cell body (soma) contains the nucleus and organelles essential for neuron function. The axon transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Choice A is incorrect because an effector is not a part of a neuron. Choice C is incorrect because a receptor is not a component of a neuron but rather interacts with neurons. Choice D is incorrect because the synapse is a junction between neurons for signal transmission, not a structural part of a neuron.

2. What is the primary function of the large intestine?

• A. absorbing digested material into the blood
• B. nutrient processing and metabolizing
• C. absorbing water and compacting material into solid waste
• D. bile production and storage

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The large intestine's primary function is to absorb water from undigested food remnants and compact them into solid waste (feces). This process helps regulate hydration levels in the body and aids in waste elimination. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Absorbing digested material into the blood is mainly done in the small intestine, nutrient processing and metabolizing occur in various parts of the digestive system, and bile production and storage are functions of the liver and gallbladder, not the large intestine.

3. What is the breakdown product of creatine phosphate, an energy source used for short bursts of muscle activity?

• A. Glucose
• B. Lactic acid
• C. Carbon dioxide
• D. Creatine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Creatine phosphate is utilized as an immediate energy source for short bursts of muscle activity. When it breaks down, it yields lactic acid as a byproduct. Lactic acid accumulation during intense exercise can lead to muscle fatigue and soreness. Therefore, the correct answer is lactic acid. The other choices are incorrect: Glucose is a different energy source derived from carbohydrates; Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration, not specifically from creatine phosphate breakdown; Creatine is the precursor compound to creatine phosphate and is not the breakdown product.

4. Which type of muscle tissue has a unique branching network and is found in the heart?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Smooth muscle
• D. Multifidus muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is the type of muscle tissue that has a unique branching network and is found in the heart. This type of muscle is involuntary and contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. Skeletal muscle, choice A, is attached to bones and is responsible for voluntary movements. Smooth muscle, choice C, is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, playing a role in involuntary movements. Multifidus muscle, choice D, is a specific muscle in the back that helps with spinal stability, unrelated to the unique branching network found in cardiac muscle.

5. Blood is carried away from the heart in large vessels known as which of the following?

• A. Arteries
• B. Arterioles
• C. Veins
• D. Venules

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arteries. Arteries are the large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. They have thick, muscular walls to withstand the high pressure generated by the heart's pumping action. Choice B, Arterioles, are smaller branches of arteries that further divide into capillaries. Choice C, Veins, carry blood back to the heart and have thinner walls compared to arteries. Choice D, Venules, are smaller veins that collect blood from capillaries and merge into larger veins.

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