Nursing Elites

1. A major focus of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines is:

• A. generally healthy segments of the population
• B. the unhealthy American public
• C. vulnerable population segments
• D. ethnically diverse eating styles

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: the unhealthy American public. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines primarily aimed to address the unhealthy eating habits prevalent in the American population. Choice A is incorrect as the focus was not solely on generally healthy segments of the population. Choice C is incorrect as the guidelines were not specifically tailored only for vulnerable population segments. Choice D is incorrect as the guidelines were more concerned with promoting healthy eating habits rather than ethnically diverse eating styles.

2. Exchange Lists for Meal Planning was devised by the American Dietetic Association in collaboration with which organization?

• A. the American Cancer Society
• B. the American Diabetes Association
• C. the American Heart Association
• D. the Culinary Institute of America

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: the American Diabetes Association. The American Dietetic Association collaborated with the American Diabetes Association to devise the Exchange Lists for Meal Planning. This collaboration aimed to assist individuals, especially those with diabetes, in planning balanced meals. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they were not involved in the development of the Exchange Lists.

3. How are lipids carried in the bloodstream?

• A. Micelles.
• B. Glycolipids.
• C. Lecithin.
• D. Lipoproteins.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Lipids are carried in the bloodstream in the form of lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are complexes of proteins and lipids that transport fats to various parts of the body. While micelles, glycolipids, and lecithin are all related to lipid metabolism, they are not the primary carriers of lipids in the bloodstream. Micelles are small lipid clusters in the intestines, glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached, and lecithin is a type of phospholipid. Therefore, lipoproteins are the correct answer as they are specifically designed for transporting lipids through the bloodstream.

4. The type of protein-energy malnutrition that results in edema, hypoalbuminemia, skin lesions, and fatty liver is:

• A. cachexia.
• B. marasmus.
• C. kwashiorkor.
• D. sarcopenia.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Edema is a key feature of kwashiorkor due to hypoalbuminemia, which leads to decreased oncotic pressure. Marasmus (choice B) is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency without significant protein deficiency, resulting in severe wasting. Cachexia (choice A) is a syndrome characterized by weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight. Sarcopenia (choice D) is the age-related loss of muscle mass and function.

5. What is the term for the production of glucose from protein, lactate, or glycerol?

• A. glycolysis
• B. gluconeogenesis
• C. glycogenolysis
• D. glucogenesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Gluconeogenesis is the correct term for the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein, lactate, or glycerol. Choice A, glycolysis, is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. Choice C, glycogenolysis, is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Choice D, glucogenesis, is not a recognized term in biochemistry.

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