Nursing Elites

1. What is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division?

• A. Centromere
• B. Chromatid
• C. Chromosome
• D. Gene

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division. It contains the genetic material and is essential for cell division and replication. The centromere is a specific region of a chromosome that plays a role in cell division. A chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome, and a gene is a unit of heredity responsible for specific traits. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Chromosome' as it represents the entire condensed DNA molecule during cell division.

2. Why are elements in Group 18 (Noble gases) generally unreactive?

• A. They have high atomic masses
• B. They lack valence electrons
• C. Their outermost electron shells are completely filled
• D. They exist as single atoms, not molecules

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Elements in Group 18 (Noble gases) are generally unreactive because their outermost electron shells are completely filled. This results in high stability and low reactivity since they have achieved a full valence shell configuration, making them less likely to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms. The full valence shell configuration leads to a minimal tendency for these elements to form chemical bonds, hence exhibiting low reactivity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because high atomic masses, lack of valence electrons, and existing as single atoms do not directly contribute to the unreactivity of noble gases. It is the full valence shell configuration that is the primary reason for their inert nature.

3. What is the bottom number in a blood pressure reading?

• A. Diastolic pressure
• B. Systolic pressure
• C. Pulse rate
• D. Mean arterial pressure

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diastolic pressure. The bottom number in a blood pressure reading represents the diastolic pressure, which indicates the lowest pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting between beats. This value is important in understanding the overall health of the cardiovascular system. Choice B, Systolic pressure, is the top number in a blood pressure reading and represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting. Choice C, Pulse rate, refers to the number of times the heart beats in a minute. Choice D, Mean arterial pressure, is a calculated value using both systolic and diastolic pressures to provide an average pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle, but it is not the bottom number in a blood pressure reading.

4. Where does cellular respiration, the process of converting chemical energy into ATP, take place in eukaryotic cells?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Ribosomes
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cellular respiration, the process of converting chemical energy into ATP, takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they are responsible for generating most of the cell's ATP through the process of cellular respiration. This process involves the breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules to produce ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. The other organelles listed in the options (nucleus, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus) do not play a direct role in cellular respiration. The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic material, ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, and the Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins for secretion or internal use.

5. What are the constituents of an atomic nucleus?

• A. Electrons and protons only
• B. Protons and neutrons only
• C. Electrons, protons, and neutrons
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protons and neutrons only. Electrons are located outside the nucleus in electron shells. Protons and neutrons are the subatomic particles found within the nucleus of an atom. Protons carry a positive charge, while neutrons are neutral. These particles contribute to the mass and stability of the nucleus. Choice A is incorrect because electrons are not part of the nucleus. Choice C is incorrect as electrons are not found within the nucleus, only protons and neutrons. Choice D is incorrect as protons and neutrons are indeed constituents of an atomic nucleus.

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