Nursing Elites

1. Which organ's primary role is the production of bile and other metabolic functions such as blood sugar regulation and detoxification?

• A. Gallbladder
• B. Pancreas
• C. Liver
• D. Stomach

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the liver. The liver is responsible for producing bile, regulating blood sugar levels, and detoxifying the blood. Bile produced by the liver is stored in the gallbladder. The pancreas primarily functions in digestion by producing enzymes and insulin, while the stomach is mainly involved in breaking down food through the secretion of gastric juices.

2. What is the role of surfactant in the respiratory system?

• A. To trap dust particles
• B. To increase lung compliance
• C. To produce mucus
• D. To generate oxygen during respiration

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To increase lung compliance. Surfactant is a substance produced by type II alveolar cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension in the alveoli. This reduction in surface tension helps to increase lung compliance, making it easier for the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. Improved lung compliance is essential for efficient gas exchange in the respiratory system, facilitating oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because surfactant does not trap dust particles, produce mucus, or generate oxygen during respiration. Instead, its primary function lies in reducing surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse and improve lung compliance for optimal gas exchange.

3. Anya was paid by Company X to analyze dwindling honeybee populations in the Southwest. After measuring hive populations over several months, she noticed no patterns in the geographic distributions of the deaths after comparisons with local maps of interest. This supported her hypothesis, so she took samples of the honey and the bees from the hives and performed dozens of dissections to confirm her suspicions. Which of the following is the most likely hypothesis upon which this research was performed?

• A. Honeybees are being killed off, and their hives are destroyed by other extremely aggressive species of bees from the South.
• B. Honeybees are contracting parasites in large droves.
• C. Honeybees are so sensitive to certain pesticides that they die on contact.
• D. Honeybees die in larger numbers around cell phone towers.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The most likely hypothesis based on the information provided is that honeybees are contracting parasites in large droves. Anya observed no geographic patterns in hive deaths and proceeded to analyze honey and bees for further investigation. This suggests that she suspected a widespread issue affecting multiple hives simultaneously, consistent with a scenario where honeybees are being infected by parasites in high numbers, leading to dwindling populations across different locations. The other choices can be eliminated because there is no mention of aggressive species of bees from the South, no evidence pointing to pesticide sensitivity as the cause, and no indication of a correlation with cell phone towers in the information provided.

4. With which genotype would the recessive phenotype appear if the dominant allele is marked with 'A' and the recessive allele is marked with 'a'?

• A. AA
• B. aa
• C. Aa
• D. aA

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The recessive phenotype appears when an individual has two copies of the recessive allele. In this case, the recessive allele is marked with 'a.' Therefore, the genotype 'aa' would display the recessive phenotype as both alleles are recessive. Choice A (AA) has two dominant alleles, choice C (Aa) has one dominant and one recessive allele, and choice D (aA) represents the same genotype as Aa due to the principle of allele dominance.

5. Which cells myelinate neurons in the CNS?

• A. Schwann cells
• B. Astrocytes
• C. Microglia
• D. Oligodendrocytes

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelinating neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Schwann cells, found in the peripheral nervous system, are responsible for myelinating neurons there. Astrocytes support and maintain the neuronal environment, while microglia function as immune cells in the CNS, participating in immune responses and cellular debris clearance. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect for myelination of CNS neurons.

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