Nursing Elites

1. Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements?

• A. Smooth
• B. Skeletal
• C. Cardiac
• D. Involuntary

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The corrected question is asking about the type of muscle responsible for voluntary movements, which is skeletal muscle (Choice B). Skeletal muscle is under conscious control and is responsible for voluntary movements like walking or lifting objects. Smooth muscle (Choice A) is found in organs like the intestines and blood vessels, responsible for involuntary movements. Cardiac muscle (Choice C) is specific to the heart and is also involuntary. 'Involuntary' (Choice D) is a general term and does not specify a type of muscle responsible for voluntary movements.

2. Edema, characterized by swelling due to fluid buildup, can be a sign of:

• A. Heart failure
• B. Liver disease
• C. Lymphatic system dysfunction
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Edema is the swelling caused by fluid retention in the body tissues. It can indicate various underlying conditions. Heart failure can lead to fluid buildup due to the heart's ineffective pumping. Liver disease can cause edema by reducing protein production, leading to fluid leakage into tissues. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system can impair fluid drainage, contributing to edema. Therefore, all of the above conditions can manifest with edema, making the correct answer 'All of the above.' Choices A, B, and C are all valid causes of edema, making them incorrect when considered individually. Selecting 'All of the above' encompasses all the possible causes of edema.

3. Homologous structures are similar structures in different organisms that have a common evolutionary origin. An example is:

• A. Butterfly wings and bird wings (analogous structures with different origins)
• B. The arm of a human, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a whale
• C. The eyes of an octopus and a human (convergent evolution with different origins)
• D. The stinger of a bee and the barb of a cactus (unrelated structures)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Homologous structures are similar structures found in different organisms that share a common evolutionary origin. The arm of a human, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a whale are all examples of homologous structures. Despite serving different functions, they share a common underlying structure due to their evolutionary relationship, evidencing a shared ancestry. These structures are modified over time to suit the specific needs of each species. Option A (Butterfly wings and bird wings) refers to analogous structures with different origins. Option C (The eyes of an octopus and a human) describes convergent evolution where traits evolve independently. Option D (The stinger of a bee and the barb of a cactus) are unrelated structures.

4. Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?

• A. Vein
• B. Artery
• C. Capillary
• D. Lymphatic vessel

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body, delivering nutrients and oxygen to the tissues. Veins, on the other hand, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries are where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs between the blood and tissues. Lymphatic vessels are responsible for transporting lymph, which is a clear fluid containing white blood cells and waste products, and play a key role in the immune system.

5. Which structure in the ear is responsible for maintaining balance?

• A. Cochlea
• B. Semicircular canals
• C. Eardrum
• D. Auditory nerve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the semicircular canals. These structures in the inner ear are responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium by detecting rotational movements of the head. The cochlea is responsible for hearing as it contains the sensory cells for detecting sound vibrations, the eardrum is a membrane that transmits sound waves to the middle ear, and the auditory nerve carries sound signals from the cochlea to the brain for processing. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not primarily associated with maintaining balance.

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