Nursing Elites

1. What type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines?

• A. Cardiac muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Voluntary muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Smooth muscle is the correct type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines. It is responsible for movements such as peristalsis, aiding in the movement of food and other materials through the digestive system. Cardiac muscle (Choice A) is found in the heart and is responsible for the heart's contractions, not in hollow organs like the intestines. Skeletal muscle (Choice C) is attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements, not in hollow organ walls. Voluntary muscle (Choice D) is another term for skeletal muscle, which is under conscious control, unlike smooth muscle in hollow organ walls.

2. Which of the following organs is NOT part of the circulatory system?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Heart
• C. Blood
• D. Blood vessels

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kidneys. The kidneys are not part of the circulatory system. While the circulatory system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), the kidneys belong to the urinary system. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. Choice B, the heart, is a vital organ in the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood. Choice C, blood, is a key component of the circulatory system that carries oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues. Choice D, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), facilitate the circulation of blood throughout the body, playing a crucial role in the circulatory system.

3. Which property of a substance refers to its ability to be stretched into thin wires?

• A. Conductivity
• B. Viscosity
• C. Ductility
• D. Malleability

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Ductility is the property of a substance that allows it to be stretched into thin wires without breaking. It is a crucial property for materials used in wire production. Conductivity refers to the ability of a substance to conduct electricity or heat, not to be stretched into wires. Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, not its ability to be stretched. Malleability is the property of a substance that allows it to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets, not stretched into wires.

4. Water is capable of dissolving many substances that organisms need to carry out life functions. Which of the properties of water listed below is responsible for its ability to dissolve important nutrients like ionic salt compounds?

• A. adhesion
• B. cohesion
• C. high specific heat
• D. high polarity

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The property of water that is responsible for its ability to dissolve important nutrients like ionic salt compounds is its high polarity. Water is a polar molecule with a positive and negative end, which allows it to attract and surround individual ions from salt compounds, causing them to dissociate and dissolve in water. This property makes water an excellent solvent for various substances necessary for life functions. Adhesion refers to the ability of water molecules to stick to other substances, cohesion is the attraction between water molecules themselves, and high specific heat is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of water. While these properties are important characteristics of water, they are not directly responsible for its ability to dissolve ionic salt compounds.

5. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition affecting blood sugar control. What is the main type of hormone deficiency associated with type 1 diabetes?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Estrogen
• D. Testosterone

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Insulin. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin, the hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin deficiency in type 1 diabetes leads to high blood sugar levels as the body cannot effectively utilize glucose for energy. Glucagon (Choice B) is a hormone that works opposite to insulin, raising blood sugar levels. Estrogen (Choice C) and testosterone (Choice D) are not directly involved in blood sugar control or the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes.

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