Nursing Elites

1. Which part of the brain controls the pituitary gland and regulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature?

• A. Thalamus
• B. Hypothalamus
• C. Medulla oblongata
• D. Cerebellum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in controlling the pituitary gland and regulating essential functions such as hunger, thirst, and body temperature. It acts as a vital link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis in the body. Choice A, the Thalamus, is incorrect as it is primarily involved in relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex. Choice C, the Medulla oblongata, is not responsible for regulating hunger, thirst, and body temperature; instead, it controls autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate. Choice D, the Cerebellum, is primarily associated with coordination and balance, not the regulation of endocrine functions or basic physiological needs.

2. Which of the following enzymes unwinds the double-stranded DNA during replication?

• A. Helicase
• B. Ligase
• C. Nuclease
• D. Polymerase

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Helicase is the enzyme responsible for unwinding the double-stranded DNA during replication by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. This process creates the replication fork where DNA polymerase can then synthesize new DNA strands. Ligase functions to join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, not unwind DNA. Nuclease is involved in DNA repair by removing damaged DNA segments. Polymerase is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands based on the existing template strands, not for unwinding the DNA.

3. Which of the following substances is an example of an acidic gas?

• A. Nitrogen (N₂)
• B. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• C. Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)
• D. Oxygen (O₂)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Sulfur dioxide is an acidic gas because when dissolved in water, it forms sulfurous acid, which imparts acidic properties. Nitrogen (N₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and oxygen (O₂) are not considered acidic gases. Nitrogen is a neutral gas, carbon dioxide forms a weakly acidic solution when dissolved in water, and oxygen is a neutral gas.

4. What is the network of vessels and ducts responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues?

• A. Circulatory system
• B. Digestive system
• C. Lymphatic system
• D. Respiratory system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the Lymphatic system (option C). The lymphatic system is responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues. It works alongside the circulatory system to maintain fluid balance in the body. The circulatory system (option A) transports blood, the digestive system (option B) processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste, while the respiratory system (option D) is responsible for gas exchange, specifically the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

5. In the process of osmosis, the solvent moves from an area of...

• A. Low solute concentration to high solute concentration
• B. Hotter solution to colder solution
• C. Colder solution to hotter solution
• D. High solute concentration to low solute concentration

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In the process of osmosis, solvent molecules move from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration. This movement occurs to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane. As water tends to move towards higher solute concentrations, the solvent moves in this direction to balance the concentrations and establish equilibrium. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because osmosis involves the movement of solvent, not solute, and it moves towards the area of higher solute concentration, not lower. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

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