Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following organs is responsible for detoxifying chemicals and metabolizing drugs?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Liver
• C. Heart
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Liver. The liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying chemicals and metabolizing drugs. It also produces bile for digestion. The liver contains enzymes that help metabolize drugs and toxins, making them easier for the body to eliminate. The kidneys are primarily responsible for filtering blood and regulating fluid balance, the heart's main function is to pump blood, and the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, but they do not have the primary function of detoxifying chemicals and metabolizing drugs.

2. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

• A. Time
• B. Dog weight
• C. Dog species
• D. Dog food type

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effects on the dependent variable. In this experiment, the researcher is likely changing the type of dog food, and this manipulation is what impacts the outcome being measured. Therefore, 'Dog food type' is the independent variable. Choices A, B, and C do not represent the variable being intentionally changed by the researcher, making them dependent variables or other factors not directly controlled or manipulated in this experiment.

3. How do sweat glands help regulate body temperature?

• A. Producing sebum for lubrication
• B. Constricting blood vessels in the skin
• C. Releasing a watery fluid that evaporates for cooling
• D. Thickening the epidermis for insulation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sweat glands play a vital role in regulating body temperature by releasing a watery fluid that evaporates from the skin's surface. This evaporation process helps cool the body down by dissipating heat, which is essential for maintaining a stable internal temperature. Choice A is incorrect because sweat glands do not produce sebum but rather a watery fluid. Choice B is incorrect because sweating itself does not involve the constriction of blood vessels; instead, it promotes heat loss through evaporation. Choice D is incorrect as sweat glands do not thicken the epidermis for insulation but rather facilitate the cooling process through sweat evaporation.

4. What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood?

• A. Nephron
• B. Ureter
• C. Urethra
• D. Bladder

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The nephron is the correct answer. It is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood. The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and a renal tubule. Within the nephron, blood is filtered to form urine, which is then carried to the ureter for excretion from the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the ureter, urethra, and bladder are not involved in the filtration of blood in the kidney. Instead, they are parts of the urinary system responsible for transporting and storing urine.

5. Which of the following statements is true about an allergic reaction?

• A. An allergic reaction, such as hives or wheezing, results from overactive body systems such as the integumentary and respiratory systems.
• B. An allergic reaction is a result of overactive B-cells in the body that release various immunoglobulins.
• C. An allergic reaction is caused by overactive mast cells in the body, which are stimulated by Immunoglobulin E.
• D. An allergic reaction involves substances like histamine, keratin, and collagen.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Mast cells are responsible for releasing histamine and other chemicals during an allergic response. Choice A is incorrect because hives and wheezing are symptoms of an allergic reaction, not the causes. Choice B is incorrect as B-cells are not directly involved in allergic reactions. Choice D is incorrect as keratin and collagen are not typically involved in allergic reactions, and histamine is released by mast cells.

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