Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following structures is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

• A. Bronchi
• B. Alveoli
• C. Trachea
• D. Diaphragm

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli, while carbon dioxide from the blood is released into the alveoli to be exhaled. The bronchi are air passages that carry air into the lungs but do not participate in gas exchange. The trachea is the windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi and serves as an airway for breathing. The diaphragm is a muscle that aids in the breathing process by contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the chest cavity.

2. Which of the following represents the strongest scientific argument?

• A. Scientific Hypothesis
• B. Scientific Law
• C. Scientific Study Conclusion
• D. Scientific Theory

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Scientific Theory.' A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world. It is based on a large body of evidence and has withstood rigorous testing and scrutiny. Scientific theories are considered the strongest scientific arguments because they have predictive power and are supported by a significant amount of empirical data. Choice A, 'Scientific Hypothesis,' is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon but lacks the extensive evidence and testing that theories undergo. Choice B, 'Scientific Law,' describes a consistent and predictable relationship between variables but does not explain why the relationship exists. Choice C, 'Scientific Study Conclusion,' may be based on a single study and lacks the comprehensive nature and validation that theories possess.

3. Which term refers to a molecule of DNA and structural protein?

• A. Lysosome
• B. Centrosome
• C. Chromosome
• D. Genome

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chromosome. A chromosome is a structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information. It is the condensed form of DNA associated with structural proteins, not just a molecule of DNA or protein. Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes, not DNA and protein. Centrosomes are involved in cell division, not related to DNA and protein together. A genome refers to an organism's complete set of DNA, not specifically a molecule containing both DNA and structural protein.

4. A person pushes a box across a floor with a constant force. The box eventually comes to a stop due to friction. What happens to the work done by the person?

• A. It increases as the box moves further.
• B. It decreases as the box slows down.
• C. It remains constant throughout the motion.
• D. It becomes zero once the box stops.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Work done is defined as the product of the force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force. In this scenario, when the box comes to a stop, the displacement becomes zero, leading to zero work done by the person. Choice A is incorrect as the work done is not increasing, but rather decreasing as the box slows down. Choice B is incorrect because the work done does not decrease as the box slows down; it becomes zero when the box stops. Choice C is incorrect as the work done is not constant but decreases to zero when the box stops.

5. Which hormone deficiency can lead to stunted growth and developmental delays in children?

• A. Estrogen
• B. Testosterone
• C. Growth hormone
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Growth hormone. Growth hormone plays a crucial role in stimulating growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in children. A deficiency in growth hormone can lead to stunted growth and developmental delays. Estrogen and testosterone are sex hormones that do not directly influence growth in the same way as growth hormone. Insulin primarily regulates blood sugar levels and is not the primary hormone responsible for growth and development in children.

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