Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is responsible for carrying electrical impulses in the nervous system?

• A. Platelets
• B. Neurons
• C. Red blood cells
• D. White blood cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Neurons are the correct answer as they are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body. Neurons have structures like axons and dendrites that enable the transmission of electrical signals. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting, red blood cells carry oxygen, and white blood cells are part of the immune system; however, none of these cell types play a role in carrying electrical impulses in the nervous system.

2. Which of the following lobes of the brain is responsible for sensation, perception, and spatial reasoning?

• A. Frontal
• B. Occipital
• C. Parietal
• D. Temporal

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The parietal lobe is responsible for sensation, perception, and spatial reasoning. It plays a crucial role in processing sensory information, assisting in spatial orientation, and integrating various sensory inputs to create a comprehensive perception of the surrounding environment. The frontal lobe, although important for higher cognitive functions and motor skills, is not primarily responsible for sensation, perception, or spatial reasoning. The occipital lobe is mainly involved in visual processing, and the temporal lobe is primarily associated with auditory processing, memory, and emotions, making them incorrect choices for this question.

3. Which nervous system controls the involuntary 'fight-or-flight' response?

• A. Sympathetic nervous system
• B. Parasympathetic nervous system
• C. Enteric nervous system
• D. Sensory nervous system

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for activating the body's response to stress or danger, leading to the 'fight-or-flight' response. It prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. Choice B, the parasympathetic nervous system, is responsible for the body's 'rest-and-digest' activities, which are opposite to the 'fight-or-flight' response. Choice C, the enteric nervous system, primarily regulates the gastrointestinal system and is not directly involved in the 'fight-or-flight' response. Choice D, the sensory nervous system, transmits sensory information from the body to the central nervous system and is not responsible for the physiological changes associated with the 'fight-or-flight' response.

4. What is the small repeating unit in the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle?

• A. Myofibril
• B. Actin
• C. Sarcomere
• D. Myosin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Sarcomere.' The sarcomere is the smallest repeating unit within myofibrils and is responsible for muscle contraction in skeletal muscle. It consists of overlapping actin and myosin filaments arranged in a highly organized structure that allows for the sliding of filaments during muscle contraction. 'Myofibril' (choice A) is incorrect because it is a larger structure composed of sarcomeres. 'Actin' (choice B) and 'Myosin' (choice D) are incorrect as they are individual proteins that are components of the sarcomere, not the smallest repeating unit itself.

5. What is the term for the gradual loss of topsoil due to wind or water erosion?

• A. Desertification
• B. Leaching
• C. Salinization
• D. Acidification

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A) Desertification is the correct term for the gradual loss of topsoil due to wind or water erosion. It refers to the process by which fertile land becomes desert, usually due to factors like drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture practices. This process can lead to the degradation of land and contribute to the expansion of deserts. B) Leaching is the process in which minerals are washed out of the soil by water moving downwards through it. This is different from the loss of topsoil due to erosion. C) Salinization occurs when salt accumulates in the soil, typically as a result of irrigation in arid regions. While salinization affects soil quality, it is not specifically related to the gradual loss of topsoil due to erosion. D) Acidification refers to the decrease in soil pH, often caused by factors like acid rain or the use of acidic fertilizers. This process is distinct from the gradual loss of topsoil due to erosion.

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