Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical bond?

• A. Ionic bond
• B. Covalent bond
• C. Metallic bond
• D. Gravitational bond

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are all types of chemical bonds that involve the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms. An ionic bond occurs when one atom donates an electron to another, creating positive and negative ions that attract each other. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration. Metallic bonds are formed between metal atoms where electrons are delocalized and move freely among the metal ions. On the other hand, a gravitational bond is not a type of chemical bond. It refers to the force of attraction between two objects with mass, such as the gravitational force between the Earth and objects on its surface. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Gravitational bond.'

2. Which type of muscle is characterized by voluntary control and is responsible for body movement?

• A. Cardiac muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Connective tissue

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is characterized by voluntary control, meaning it is under conscious control. It is responsible for body movement, such as walking, running, and lifting objects. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and found in the heart, while smooth muscle is also involuntary and found in organs like the intestines. Connective tissue is not a type of muscle but rather a type of tissue that provides support and structure in the body.

3. Which property of a substance describes how much matter is packed into a given space?

• A. Mass
• B. Volume
• C. Weight
• D. Density

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Density is the property of a substance that describes how much matter is packed into a given space. It is calculated by dividing the mass of the substance by its volume. Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object, volume is the amount of space an object occupies, and weight is the force of gravity acting on an object's mass. Density specifically relates to how tightly packed the particles of a substance are. In this context, density is the most appropriate answer as it directly addresses how matter is packed into a given space. Mass and weight are related to the quantity of matter and the force of gravity, respectively, but do not directly describe the compactness of matter in a given space. Volume, on the other hand, refers to the space occupied by an object, not the amount of matter packed into that space.

4. To which of the following bone types do the spine and hips belong?

• A. Curved bones
• B. Irregular bones
• C. Flat bones
• D. Long bones

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Irregular bones. The spine and hips belong to the category of irregular bones. Irregular bones have complex shapes that do not fit into other bone type categories. These bones serve functions such as support and protection, and their shapes vary depending on their specific roles in the body. Choice A, curved bones, is incorrect because bones like ribs are typically described as curved, not the spine and hips. Choice C, flat bones, is incorrect as flat bones include the skull and ribs, but not the spine and hips. Choice D, long bones, is also incorrect because long bones include bones like the femur and humerus, which are elongated with a shaft and distinct ends, unlike the spine and hips.

5. Which type of epithelium lines the inner surface of the oral cavity, providing a barrier against external insults?

• A. Simple squamous epithelium
• B. Stratified squamous epithelium
• C. Simple columnar epithelium
• D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The oral cavity is constantly exposed to mechanical stress and potential injury from food particles and other external factors. To protect against these insults, a strong and resilient epithelium is needed. Stratified squamous epithelium is the best choice for lining the oral cavity due to its multiple layers of cells. This type of epithelium provides a robust barrier that can withstand abrasion and protect the underlying tissues. Simple squamous epithelium (choice A) is too thin and not suitable for a protective function. Simple columnar epithelium (choice C) is more suited for absorption and secretion functions, not protection against mechanical stress. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (choice D) is found in respiratory passages and functions in mucociliary clearance, not in providing a protective barrier against external insults in the oral cavity.

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