Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?

• A. Natural selection
• B. Genetic drift
• C. Lamarckism
• D. Mutation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to the next generation. B) Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that occurs due to random changes in allele frequencies in a population. C) Lamarckism, also known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics, is a discredited theory that suggests organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. This mechanism has been largely rejected by the scientific community. D) Mutation is a mechanism of evolution that introduces new genetic variation into a population, which can lead to the emergence of new traits and adaptations over time.

2. In which direction do the particles of the medium move in a transverse wave?

• A. Perpendicular to the direction of wave travel
• B. Parallel to the direction of wave travel
• C. In a circular motion
• D. Opposite to the direction of wave travel

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. This means that the particles move up and down or side to side as the wave passes through the medium. This motion creates crests and troughs in the wave, leading to the characteristic oscillation observed in transverse waves. Choice B is incorrect because in transverse waves, the particle movement is not parallel to the direction of wave travel. Choice C is incorrect as the particles do not move in a circular motion in a transverse wave. Choice D is incorrect as the particles do not move opposite to the direction of wave travel; they move perpendicular to it.

3. What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node within the heart?

• A. Generate the electrical impulse for contraction (pacemaker function)
• B. Transmit the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles, regulating the timing of contraction.
• C. Increase blood pressure within the ventricles during systole.
• D. Separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow in the heart.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Transmit the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles, regulating the timing of contraction. The primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node is to coordinate the transmission of electrical signals between the atria and the ventricles. It ensures proper timing between atrial and ventricular contractions, allowing for efficient blood pumping through the heart. Choice A is incorrect because the AV node does not generate the initial electrical impulse; that role is typically attributed to the sinoatrial (SA) node. Choice C is incorrect as the AV node does not directly influence blood pressure within the ventricles. Choice D is also incorrect as the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is primarily achieved by the anatomical structure of the heart (e.g., atria and ventricles) and not the AV node.

4. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of asthma, a chronic respiratory condition?

• A. Wheezing
• B. Difficulty breathing
• C. Chest tightness
• D. Fever

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Fever.' Fever is not a symptom commonly associated with asthma. Asthma symptoms typically include wheezing, difficulty breathing, and chest tightness due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Fever is more commonly seen in conditions such as infections or inflammatory diseases rather than asthma. Choices A, B, and C are common symptoms of asthma and are related to the constriction and inflammation of the airways, leading to breathing difficulties and chest discomfort.

5. What is the process of breaking down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol called?

• A. Lipolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Krebs cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - Lipolysis is indeed the correct answer. It is the process of breaking down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol. This process occurs in adipose tissue and is important for releasing stored energy in the form of fatty acids. - Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol, not breaking down lipids. - The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. - Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced through the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain. It is not specifically related to the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Similar Questions