Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is a true statement about dominance in genetics?

• A. All genes adhere to Mendel’s law of dominance.
• B. A dominant allele will always be expressed.
• C. When two dominant alleles are present, the resulting phenotype will express both traits.
• D. There are three or more alleles possible for all genes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In genetics, dominance refers to the relationship between two different alleles of a gene where one allele (dominant) masks the expression of another allele (recessive) in an individual's phenotype. The correct statement about dominance is that a dominant allele will always be expressed in the phenotype, even in the presence of a recessive allele. This means that if an individual has at least one dominant allele for a particular trait, that trait will be expressed. Choice A is incorrect because not all genes follow Mendel’s law of dominance; exceptions do exist. Choice C is incorrect because when two dominant alleles are present, only one will be expressed due to complete dominance. Choice D is incorrect as there can be more than three alleles for a gene, and not all genes have three or more alleles.

2. Which cavity is primarily lined by the peritoneum?

• A. Abdominal
• B. Dorsal
• C. Ventral
• D. Thoracic

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Abdominal.' The peritoneum primarily lines the abdominal cavity, providing support and protection to abdominal organs. It is a serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall, aiding in their function and protection. Choice B, 'Dorsal,' is incorrect because the peritoneum does not primarily line the dorsal cavity. Choice C, 'Ventral,' is incorrect as the peritoneum is not primarily associated with the ventral cavity. Choice D, 'Thoracic,' is incorrect because the peritoneum primarily lines the abdominal cavity and is not primarily found in the thoracic cavity.

3. How can you differentiate between a bacterial and viral infection based solely on symptoms?

• A. It's impossible to differentiate solely based on symptoms.
• B. Bacterial infections typically respond well to antibiotics, while viral infections don't.
• C. Bacterial infections usually cause fever, while viral infections don't.
• D. Viral infections often present with respiratory symptoms like a cough, while bacterial infections don't.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: It is impossible to differentiate between a bacterial and viral infection based solely on symptoms because many symptoms overlap between the two types of infections. Symptoms like fever, cough, and others can be present in both bacterial and viral infections. Additional diagnostic tests such as cultures or blood tests are often needed to determine the cause of the infection accurately. Relying only on symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they oversimplify the differentiation process and do not encompass the complexity of symptoms associated with bacterial and viral infections. While it is true that bacterial infections may respond to antibiotics and some differences in symptoms may be observed between bacterial and viral infections, these are not definitive indicators without proper diagnostic tests.

4. Which of the following macromolecules will always contain nitrogen?

• A. Fatty acids
• B. Proteins
• C. Lipids
• D. Carbohydrates

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proteins. Proteins are the only macromolecules that always contain nitrogen in their amino acid structure. Nitrogen is a key element found in the amino groups of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Fatty acids (Choice A), lipids (Choice C), and carbohydrates (Choice D) do not always contain nitrogen in their structure. Fatty acids are composed of long hydrocarbon chains and do not contain nitrogen. Lipids consist mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with some classes of lipids containing phosphorus but not nitrogen. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, forming structures like sugars and starches, but they do not contain nitrogen.

5. Adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, primarily functions in:

• A. Support
• B. Insulation
• C. Energy storage
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Adipose tissue, also known as fat, serves multiple essential functions in the body. It provides support by cushioning and protecting organs, acts as an insulator to help regulate body temperature, and serves as a major energy storage site by storing excess energy in the form of triglycerides. Therefore, all the options (support, insulation, and energy storage) are correct functions of adipose tissue, making 'All of the above' the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are all individually valid functions of adipose tissue, but to encompass the comprehensive role of adipose tissue, 'All of the above' is the most accurate option.

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