Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is a common property of both acids and bases?

• A. React with metals to produce hydrogen gas
• B. Taste sour
• C. Turn blue litmus paper red
• D. Conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Both acids and bases can conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Acids ionize in water to produce H+ ions, which can carry an electric current, while bases ionize to produce OH- ions, which also conduct electricity. The other options are not common properties of both acids and bases. Reacting with metals to produce hydrogen gas is characteristic of acids, tasting sour is a property of acids, and turning blue litmus paper red is a property of bases, not a common property shared by both.

2. When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl), the resulting product is:

• A. Hydrogen gas and sodium chloride (NaCl)
• B. Chlorine gas and sodium oxide (Na2O)
• C. Sodium metal (Na) and water (H2O)
• D. No reaction occurs.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl), a neutralization reaction occurs. The products of this reaction are water (H2O) and a salt, which is sodium chloride (NaCl). The chemical equation for this reaction is: NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O. Choice B is incorrect because chlorine gas and sodium oxide are not the products of this reaction. Choice C is incorrect as sodium metal and water are not the products formed in this neutralization reaction. Choice D is incorrect because a reaction does occur between NaOH and HCl, resulting in the formation of NaCl and H2O. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Hydrogen gas and sodium chloride (NaCl).

3. What is the process by which decomposers break down organic matter?

• A. Photosynthesis
• B. Bioremediation
• C. Decomposition
• D. Nitrification

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. This process is not related to the breakdown of organic matter by decomposers. B) Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to clean up contaminated environments. While it involves the use of microorganisms to break down pollutants, it is not specifically focused on breaking down organic matter. C) Decomposition is the process by which decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, and other organisms break down organic matter into simpler substances. This process is essential for nutrient recycling in ecosystems. D) Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. This process is part of the nitrogen cycle and is not directly related to the breakdown of organic matter.

4. Which element is used in fluorescent lamps and emits ultraviolet light when excited?

• A. Mercury
• B. Neon
• C. Argon
• D. Krypton

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mercury is the correct element used in fluorescent lamps to emit ultraviolet light when excited. When an electric current passes through the mercury vapor inside the lamp, it generates ultraviolet (UV) light. This UV light then excites the phosphors coated on the inner surface of the lamp, causing them to emit visible light. Neon, argon, and krypton are not commonly used in fluorescent lamps for this purpose. Neon is primarily used in neon signs, argon is used in incandescent and fluorescent bulbs for inertia gas, and krypton is mainly used in certain types of specialized light bulbs for its specific properties.

5. Which type of epithelium lines the inner surface of the oral cavity, providing a barrier against external insults?

• A. Simple squamous epithelium
• B. Stratified squamous epithelium
• C. Simple columnar epithelium
• D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The oral cavity is constantly exposed to mechanical stress and potential injury from food particles and other external factors. To protect against these insults, a strong and resilient epithelium is needed. Stratified squamous epithelium is the best choice for lining the oral cavity due to its multiple layers of cells. This type of epithelium provides a robust barrier that can withstand abrasion and protect the underlying tissues. Simple squamous epithelium (choice A) is too thin and not suitable for a protective function. Simple columnar epithelium (choice C) is more suited for absorption and secretion functions, not protection against mechanical stress. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (choice D) is found in respiratory passages and functions in mucociliary clearance, not in providing a protective barrier against external insults in the oral cavity.

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