Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following does not describe a general trait of macromolecules?

• A. They can exist as single chains.
• B. They can be branched.
• C. They all contain carbon, hydrogen, and phosphorus.
• D. They are all used by the body.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. While many macromolecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and phosphorus, not all of them do. For example, lipids, a type of macromolecule, may not contain phosphorus. Choice A and B describe structural features that macromolecules can exhibit, whether as single chains or branched forms. Choice D is incorrect as not all macromolecules are used by the body, such as synthetic polymers or certain non-digestible fibers.

2. What is a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area called?

• A. Community
• B. Population
• C. Ecosystem
• D. Habitat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Community refers to all the populations of different species living and interacting in a particular area. Since the question specifies organisms of the same species, community is not the correct answer. B) Population is a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area. This term specifically refers to individuals of the same species and their interactions within a defined area. C) Ecosystem includes all the living organisms (biotic factors) and non-living components (abiotic factors) in a particular area and their interactions. While populations are part of an ecosystem, the term 'ecosystem' is broader and includes multiple populations. D) Habitat refers to the specific environment where an organism lives, including the physical and biological factors. It is the place where a population or individual organism resides, but it does not specifically refer to a group of organisms of the same species.

3. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that can directly cause evolution by natural selection?

• A. Mutations in genes
• B. Differential survival and reproduction based on traits
• C. Inheritance of acquired characteristics (like strong muscles from working out)
• D. Competition for resources in an environment

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Mutations in genes can introduce new genetic variations into a population, which can be acted upon by natural selection. B) Differential survival and reproduction based on traits is a key component of natural selection, as individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. C) Inheritance of acquired characteristics, also known as Lamarckism, is not a mechanism of evolution by natural selection. Traits acquired during an individual's lifetime (such as strong muscles from working out) are not passed on to offspring. D) Competition for resources in an environment can drive natural selection by favoring individuals with traits that help them better compete for limited resources. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Inheritance of acquired characteristics (like strong muscles from working out), as it is not a mechanism that can directly cause evolution by natural selection.

4. Which of the following organs functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?

• A. The kidney
• B. The spleen
• C. The pancreas
• D. The stomach

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The pancreas is the correct answer as it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. The endocrine function involves secreting insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels, while the exocrine function involves releasing digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid in digestion. The kidney (Choice A) primarily functions in the excretory system by filtering blood and producing urine. The spleen (Choice B) is involved in the immune system and blood storage but does not have endocrine or exocrine functions. The stomach (Choice D) is mainly an organ of the digestive system, secreting gastric juices to aid in digestion, but it does not have a dual endocrine and exocrine function like the pancreas.

5. What is meant by the term 'goiter'?

• A. Overproduction of cortisol from the adrenal glands
• B. Excessive growth of the thyroid gland
• C. Underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• D. Deficiency of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A goiter is a condition characterized by the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. This enlargement can be caused by various factors such as iodine deficiency, thyroid nodules, inflammation, or other thyroid disorders. It is not associated with the overproduction of cortisol (Choice A), underproduction of parathyroid hormone (Choice C), or deficiency of growth hormone (Choice D). Therefore, the correct answer is B, excessive growth of the thyroid gland.

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