Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following correctly matches a category of protein with a physiological example?

• A. Keratin is a structural protein
• B. Antigens are hormonal proteins
• C. Channel proteins are marker proteins
• D. Actin is a transport protein

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Keratin is indeed a type of structural protein found in the skin, hair, and nails of animals. It provides strength and protection, helping to maintain the overall structure of these tissues. The other choices are incorrect as antigens are not hormonal proteins but rather are involved in immune response, channel proteins are involved in facilitating the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes, and actin is primarily involved in cell structure and movement, not as a transport protein.

2. What is the function of the epiglottis?

• A. Produces saliva
• B. Senses taste
• C. Prevents food from entering the windpipe
• D. Filters blood

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located at the base of the tongue that covers the opening of the windpipe (trachea) during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway. This action ensures that food and liquids are directed to the esophagus and down into the stomach, rather than entering the respiratory system, which could lead to choking or aspiration pneumonia. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they describe functions of other structures in the body that are not related to the role of the epiglottis.

3. How does electron configuration relate to the periodic table?

• A. Elements within the same period have identical electron configurations.
• B. Elements within the same group share similar electron configurations in their outermost shell.
• C. Electron configuration determines an element's position on the periodic table.
• D. An element's group on the periodic table is determined by the number of electron shells it possesses.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Elements within the same group share similar electron configurations in their outermost shell. The periodic table is organized based on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level, known as valence electrons, which significantly influence an element's chemical properties. Elements within the same group have the same number of valence electrons, leading to comparable chemical behaviors. Choices A and D are incorrect because elements within the same period, not group, have identical electron configurations, and an element's group is primarily determined by the number of valence electrons and not the number of electron shells. Choice C is incorrect because while electron configuration is crucial for understanding an element's properties, it is not the sole factor determining its position on the periodic table.

4. What is the relationship between the Pauli exclusion principle and the structure of the atom?

• A. It defines the maximum number of electrons allowed in each energy level.
• B. It explains why oppositely charged particles attract each other.
• C. It describes the wave-particle duality of electrons.
• D. It determines the arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers. This principle defines the maximum number of electrons allowed in each energy level, influencing the structure of the atom. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the concept of electrostatic attraction, not directly related to the Pauli exclusion principle. Choice C is incorrect as it pertains to the wave-particle duality, a different aspect of quantum mechanics. Choice D is incorrect as it relates to the arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, not governed by the Pauli exclusion principle.

5. What is the primary function of the digestive system?

• A. To break down food into nutrients
• B. To absorb oxygen
• C. To produce energy
• D. To regulate body temperature

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'To break down food into nutrients.' The primary function of the digestive system is to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body for energy, growth, and repair. The digestive system is not responsible for absorbing oxygen (Choice B), as that is the role of the respiratory system. While the digestion process does release energy from nutrients, the primary function is not to produce energy (Choice C), but rather to extract nutrients for energy production. Regulating body temperature (Choice D) is primarily handled by the thermoregulatory mechanisms in the body, such as the skin and sweat glands, not the digestive system.

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