Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, acts in opposition to insulin by increasing blood sugar levels?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Cortisol
• D. Thyroxine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is the correct answer. Produced by the pancreas, glucagon acts in opposition to insulin by increasing blood sugar levels. Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, leading to the release of glucose into the bloodstream. Insulin, on the other hand, lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, not the pancreas, and is involved in stress response and metabolism. Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland and is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism.

2. What is the significance of the nuclear envelope breaking down during mitosis?

• A. It allows the chromosomes to condense and become visible.
• B. It allows the spindle apparatus to form and attach to the chromosomes.
• C. It allows the sister chromatids to separate.
• D. It allows the nuclear material to be evenly distributed to the daughter cells.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) The breakdown of the nuclear envelope does not directly cause the chromosomes to condense and become visible. Chromosome condensation is a separate process that occurs before mitosis begins. B) The breakdown of the nuclear envelope is crucial for the formation of the spindle apparatus, a structure made of microtubules that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division. The spindle apparatus attaches to the chromosomes and helps move them to opposite poles of the cell. C) The separation of sister chromatids occurs during anaphase, which is facilitated by the spindle apparatus. The breakdown of the nuclear envelope is not directly involved in this process. D) The even distribution of nuclear material to daughter cells is achieved through the movement of chromosomes by the spindle apparatus, which is made possible by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope.

3. Which structure in the ear is responsible for maintaining balance?

• A. Cochlea
• B. Semicircular canals
• C. Eardrum
• D. Auditory nerve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the semicircular canals. These structures in the inner ear are responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium by detecting rotational movements of the head. The cochlea is responsible for hearing as it contains the sensory cells for detecting sound vibrations, the eardrum is a membrane that transmits sound waves to the middle ear, and the auditory nerve carries sound signals from the cochlea to the brain for processing. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not primarily associated with maintaining balance.

4. Why are negative feedback mechanisms crucial in the endocrine system?

• A. To increase hormone production continuously
• B. To maintain hormone levels within a specific range
• C. To cause a constant release of hormones
• D. To disrupt communication between glands

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Negative feedback mechanisms in the endocrine system play a vital role in maintaining hormone levels within a specific range. When hormone levels deviate from the set point, negative feedback signals prompt adjustments in hormone production to bring the levels back to the optimal range. This process ensures a delicate balance of hormones in the body, preventing excesses or deficiencies. Choice A is incorrect because continuously increasing hormone production would lead to imbalances. Choice C is incorrect as a constant release of hormones without regulation would disrupt homeostasis. Choice D is incorrect because disrupting communication between glands would hinder proper coordination and regulation of hormone levels, which is essential for the body's overall function.

5. How many lobes does the right lung have?

• A. 1
• B. 2
• C. 3
• D. 4

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 3. The right lung consists of three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower lobes. This distinction is vital as the left lung only has two lobes, the upper and lower lobes. Understanding the anatomical variances between the lobes of the right and left lungs is crucial for comprehending respiratory physiology and its clinical implications in medical practice. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the right lung does not have 1, 2, or 4 lobes. It is essential to differentiate between the lobes of the right and left lungs to have a comprehensive understanding of pulmonary anatomy.

Similar Questions