Nursing Elites

1. Which element is used in insulin and promotes glucose uptake into cells for energy production?

• A. Zinc
• B. Chromium
• C. Manganese
• D. Iron

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Chromium is the correct answer. Chromium is the element used in insulin that aids in its function by enhancing glucose uptake into cells and regulating blood sugar levels. It plays a crucial role in the body's energy production processes by facilitating the action of insulin. Zinc (Choice A), although important for various physiological functions, is not the element used in insulin. Manganese (Choice C) is necessary for enzyme activation but is not directly involved in insulin's function. Iron (Choice D) is essential for oxygen transport but is not the element used in insulin for promoting glucose uptake into cells.

2. Which part of the brainstem is responsible for controlling vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing?

• A. Medulla oblongata
• B. Pons
• C. Midbrain
• D. Cerebellum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The medulla oblongata is the correct answer. It is responsible for controlling vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. This part of the brainstem contains centers that regulate these essential autonomic functions to maintain homeostasis in the body. The pons and midbrain are also parts of the brainstem, but they are not primarily responsible for controlling these vital functions. The cerebellum, on the other hand, is involved in coordination and balance, not in regulating vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

3. How can the periodic table be used to predict the charge of an ion formed by an element?

• A. Look for elements with similar atomic weights.
• B. Identify the group number, which corresponds to the typical ionic charge.
• C. Calculate the difference between protons and electrons.
• D. Analyze the element's position within the period.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The group number of an element on the periodic table corresponds to the number of valence electrons it has. Elements in the same group tend to form ions with the same charge. For example, elements in Group 1 typically form ions with a +1 charge, while elements in Group 17 typically form ions with a -1 charge. Therefore, by identifying the group number of an element, one can predict the typical ionic charge it will form. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because predicting the charge of an ion is mainly based on the element's position in the periodic table, particularly the group number, which indicates the number of valence electrons and the typical ionic charge it may form.

4. What is the approximate composition of blood?

• A. 45% plasma, 55% formed elements
• B. 55% plasma, 45% formed elements
• C. 55% water, 45% blood cells
• D. 45% water, 55% plasma

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Blood is composed of approximately 55% plasma (mostly water with proteins, electrolytes, and nutrients) and 45% formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Choice B is the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect as it reverses the percentages. Choice C is incorrect because it incorrectly states that blood cells make up 45% of blood, while they are part of the formed elements along with platelets. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that water makes up 45% of blood, which is not accurate.

5. Where is the primary site for nutrient absorption from digested food in the human digestive system?

• A. Esophagus
• B. Large intestine
• C. Small intestine
• D. Stomach

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the human digestive system. It is where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients from food occurs. The walls of the small intestine are lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for absorption. Nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream to be transported to cells throughout the body for energy and other functions. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach and plays a role in swallowing, not nutrient absorption. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter after the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The stomach mainly functions in the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food through muscular contractions and the secretion of digestive enzymes.

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