Nursing Elites

1. Where would a nonpregnant patient with normal anatomy most commonly have pain in acute appendicitis?

• A. Right upper quadrant.
• B. Left upper quadrant.
• C. Right lower quadrant.
• D. Left lower quadrant.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In acute appendicitis, nonpregnant patients with normal anatomy commonly experience pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The pain usually starts around the umbilicus or epigastric area and then migrates to the right lower quadrant as inflammation progresses in the appendix. This classic migration of pain is known as McBurney's point tenderness and is a key clinical feature in diagnosing appendicitis.

2. Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?

• A. Stearic acid
• B. Palmitic acid
• C. Oleic acid
• D. Butyric acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Oleic acid is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid because it contains one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, leading to kinks in the chain structure. This unsaturation gives it a lower melting point compared to saturated fatty acids. Stearic acid (A), Palmitic acid (B), and Butyric acid (D) are examples of saturated fatty acids as they do not contain any double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains, leading to a straight structure and higher melting points.

3. Which of the following indicates the body's draining of clear fluid throughout the body to protect it from infection?

• A. Pulmonary Loop
• B. Systemic Loop
• C. Lymphatic System
• D. Immune System

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Lymphatic System. The lymphatic system is responsible for draining clear fluid, known as lymph, throughout the body to protect it from infection. The other choices are incorrect because the pulmonary loop specifically refers to circulation between the heart and lungs, the systemic loop refers to circulation between the heart and the rest of the body, and the immune system is responsible for fighting infections and diseases rather than draining clear fluid.

4. What do hair follicles house in the skin?

• A. Blood vessels (Blood vessels are not housed within hair follicles)
• B. Nerve endings (Nerve endings are present but not housed within hair follicles)
• C. Hair shafts and hair roots
• D. Sebaceous glands (These glands are often attached to hair follicles)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Hair follicles are structures in the skin that contain the hair shaft (the visible part of the hair) and the hair root (the part of the hair beneath the skin). The hair shaft is the portion of the hair that is visible above the skin, while the hair root is the part that extends below the surface into the follicle. Therefore, the correct answer is that hair follicles house the hair shafts and hair roots. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because blood vessels are not housed within hair follicles, nerve endings are present but not housed within hair follicles, and sebaceous glands are often attached to hair follicles but not housed within them.

5. What are the finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine called?

• A. Crypts of Lieberkühn
• B. Goblet cells
• C. Villi
• D. Paneth cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Crypts of Lieberkühn are small pits in the lining of the small intestine that contain cells involved in the production of intestinal juices, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption. B) Goblet cells are specialized cells that secrete mucus to protect the lining of the digestive tract, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption. C) Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. Each villus contains blood vessels and lacteals (lymphatic vessels) that help absorb nutrients from digested food. D) Paneth cells are specialized cells found in the small intestine that secrete antimicrobial substances, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption.

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