Nursing Elites

1. What type of macromolecule is hemoglobin?

• A. Carbohydrate
• B. Lipid
• C. Protein
• D. Nucleic acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein. Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids and play a vital role in various biological functions, including the transportation of molecules like oxygen. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are different types of macromolecules that have distinct structures and functions. Carbohydrates are mainly involved in energy storage and structural support, lipids are essential for energy storage and cell membrane structure, and nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

2. Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels?

• A. Thyroxine
• B. Insulin
• C. Adrenaline
• D. Cortisol

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Insulin. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells. Thyroxine, adrenaline, and cortisol do not directly regulate blood sugar levels. Thyroxine is produced by the thyroid gland and regulates metabolism. Adrenaline and cortisol are hormones involved in stress responses and do not have a primary function in blood sugar regulation. Understanding the functions of these hormones is crucial in differentiating their roles in the body and identifying the specific hormone responsible for blood sugar regulation.

3. During exercise, heart rate increases to deliver more oxygen to the body's tissues. What other cardiovascular response also increases?

• A. Blood pressure decreases
• B. Blood vessel diameter narrows
• C. Blood flow to muscles increases
• D. Blood viscosity thickens

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During exercise, the cardiovascular response includes an increase in blood flow to the muscles to deliver more oxygen and nutrients needed for energy production. This helps to support the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients by the working muscles. Blood pressure typically increases during exercise to help facilitate this increased blood flow to the muscles. Additionally, blood vessel diameter may widen (vasodilation) to allow for more blood flow, rather than narrow. Blood viscosity does not typically thicken during exercise.

4. What is the name of the condition characterized by inflammation of the small intestine?

• A. Appendicitis
• B. Celiac disease
• C. Gastritis
• D. Crohn's disease

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, not the small intestine. B) Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption that damages the small intestine, but it is not characterized by inflammation alone. C) Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining, not the small intestine. D) Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but it commonly involves the small intestine. Symptoms of Crohn's disease include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue.

5. Which respiratory structure is responsible for the production of mucus to trap particles and for the movement of cilia to sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract?

• A. Trachea
• B. Larynx
• C. Bronchi
• D. Respiratory epithelium

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The respiratory epithelium is the correct answer because it is the tissue lining the respiratory tract responsible for producing mucus to trap particles and containing cilia that sweep the mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract. The trachea, larynx, and bronchi are all structures within the respiratory system but do not specifically carry out the functions described in the question. The trachea is a passage for air, the larynx is involved in sound production and protecting the airway, and the bronchi are airway passages that branch from the trachea to the lungs. Only the respiratory epithelium fits the description of producing mucus and utilizing cilia for particle removal in the respiratory tract.

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