Nursing Elites

1. What phenomenon explains the bending of light as it passes around an obstacle or through an aperture?

• A. Refraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Diffraction
• D. Dispersion

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Diffraction is the phenomenon that explains the bending of light as it passes around an obstacle or through an aperture. When light encounters an obstacle or passes through an aperture, it diffracts, causing it to bend around the edges. Refraction, on the other hand, occurs when light passes from one medium to another, causing it to change direction. Reflection involves the bouncing back of light rays from a surface, and dispersion is the separation of light into its different colors. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as diffraction specifically addresses the bending of light as it interacts with obstacles or apertures, unlike the other choices that describe different optical phenomena.

2. Which structure in the respiratory system is responsible for voice production?

• A. Pharynx
• B. Larynx
• C. Trachea
• D. Bronchi

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the larynx. The larynx, commonly referred to as the voice box, is responsible for voice production in the respiratory system. It contains vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound. The pharynx is a passage for food and air, the trachea is a tubular structure that carries air to and from the lungs, and the bronchi are the main airway passages in the lungs. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not play a direct role in voice production.

3. What is kwashiorkor, a protein deficiency disease, characterized by?

• A. Muscle wasting
• B. Night blindness
• C. Scurvy
• D. Rickets

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Kwashiorkor is a severe acute malnutrition condition resulting from insufficient dietary protein intake. It is characterized by symptoms such as edema, skin lesions, an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates, and notably, muscle wasting. Muscle wasting occurs as the body breaks down muscle tissue to obtain essential amino acids for vital functions. Night blindness (option B) is associated with vitamin A deficiency, scurvy (option C) results from a lack of vitamin C, and rickets (option D) is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.

4. Two nursing students will be completing a scientific experiment measuring the mass of chewed gum after one-minute chewing increments. Which lab equipment will the students most likely use?

• A. Triple beam balance
• B. Anemometer
• C. Hot plate
• D. Microscope

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Triple beam balance. A triple beam balance is the most suitable lab equipment for measuring mass accurately, which is necessary for this experiment. An anemometer measures wind speed, a hot plate is used for heating substances, and a microscope is used for magnifying objects, none of which are relevant to measuring the mass of chewed gum.

5. Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain?

• A. Dorsal root
• B. Ventral root
• C. Gray matter
• D. White matter

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the dorsal root. The dorsal root of the spinal cord contains sensory nerve fibers that transmit sensory information from the body to the brain. This information includes touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. The ventral root, on the other hand, contains motor nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the muscles and glands, controlling movement and glandular functions. Gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies, is involved in processing and integrating sensory and motor information within the spinal cord. White matter is primarily composed of myelinated axons that facilitate communication between different regions of the nervous system, allowing signals to travel efficiently within the spinal cord and between the brain and other parts of the body. Therefore, the dorsal root is specifically associated with transmitting sensory information, making it the correct answer in this context.

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