Nursing Elites

1. What is the strongest evidence for evolution?

• A. The fossil record
• B. Comparative anatomy
• C. Biogeography
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) The fossil record provides evidence of how organisms have changed over time, showing transitional forms and the progression of species. B) Comparative anatomy involves studying the similarities and differences in the structures of different species, which can reveal common ancestry and evolutionary relationships. C) Biogeography examines the distribution of species around the world, which can be explained by evolution and continental drift. By considering all of the above evidence together, scientists can build a comprehensive understanding of evolution and how species have changed and diversified over time.

2. What type of particle carries no charge and mediates the strong nuclear force between protons and neutrons?

• A. Electron
• B. Photon
• C. Gluon
• D. Neutrino

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gluon. Gluons are the particles responsible for mediating the strong nuclear force between protons and neutrons. They are the carriers of this force. Choice A, Electron, is incorrect as electrons are negatively charged. Choice B, Photon, is incorrect as photons are chargeless particles of light. Choice D, Neutrino, is incorrect as neutrinos are neutral particles with minimal mass and weak interactions with matter, not involved in mediating the strong nuclear force between protons and neutrons.

3. When ethanol (C₂H₅OH) reacts with sodium metal (Na), what is the product?

• A. Ethene (C₂H₄)
• B. Sodium ethoxide (C₂H₅ONa)
• C. Ethane (C₂H₆)
• D. Sodium acetate (CH₃COONa)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When ethanol (C₂H₅OH) reacts with sodium metal (Na), the product formed is Sodium ethoxide (C₂H₅ONa). This reaction is a classic example of a metal displacing hydrogen in an alcohol to form an alkoxide. In this specific case, sodium replaces the hydrogen in ethanol, resulting in the formation of sodium ethoxide. Choice A, Ethene (C₂H₄), is incorrect as it is a different compound formed from the dehydration of ethanol, not its reaction with sodium. Choice C, Ethane (C₂H₆), is incorrect as it is a saturated hydrocarbon, not the product of the reaction of ethanol with sodium metal. Choice D, Sodium acetate (CH₃COONa), is incorrect as it involves acetic acid, not ethanol, reacting with sodium to form the salt sodium acetate.

4. Which structure in the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?

• A. Trachea
• B. Alveoli
• C. Bronchi
• D. Diaphragm

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The alveoli in the lungs are responsible for gas exchange. Alveoli have a rich blood supply and thin walls, enabling the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli, while carbon dioxide diffuses out. The trachea functions as an air passage, bronchi are the main airways into the lungs, and the diaphragm is the primary muscle involved in breathing by aiding in lung expansion and contraction, but they are not directly responsible for gas exchange like the alveoli.

5. What is the acceleration due to gravity near the Earth's surface?

• A. 9.8 meters per second squared (m/s²)
• B. 6.3 meters per second squared (m/s²)
• C. 5.0 meters per second squared (m/s²)
• D. 12.5 meters per second squared (m/s²)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The acceleration due to gravity near the Earth's surface is approximately 9.8 m/s². This value is commonly used in physics calculations and represents the rate at which an object accelerates towards the Earth when in free fall. The acceleration due to gravity is a constant value near the Earth's surface and affects the motion of all objects. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the standard value of 9.8 m/s². Understanding the correct value of acceleration due to gravity is fundamental in physics as it helps in solving various problems related to motion, forces, and energy.

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