Nursing Elites

1. What is the general formula for an alkene?

• A. CnH2n+2
• B. CnH2n
• C. CnH2n-2
• D. CnH2n+1

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The general formula for an alkene is \(C_nH_{2n}\), indicating the presence of a double bond between carbon atoms.

2. Which of the following is the body cavity that contains the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters?

• A. The thoracic cavity
• B. The pelvic cavity
• C. The abdominal cavity
• D. The spinal cavity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity houses organs related to the urinary and reproductive systems. The urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters are located in the pelvic cavity, making it the correct choice. The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs, while the abdominal cavity houses organs like the stomach and intestines. The spinal cavity, on the other hand, protects the spinal cord. Therefore, options A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not house the specific organs mentioned in the question.

3. A pediatrician notes that an infant's cartilage is disappearing and being replaced by bone. What process has the doctor observed?

• A. Mineralization
• B. Ossification
• C. Osteoporosis
• D. Calcification

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The doctor has observed the process of ossification. Ossification is the natural process where cartilage in the body is replaced by bone. This process takes place during fetal development, growth, and bone fracture healing. Ossification involves the formation of bone tissue by depositing minerals like calcium and phosphorus within the cartilage matrix, leading to the development of a bone structure. Choice A, mineralization, refers to the process of forming mineral deposits in tissues, but it does not involve the replacement of cartilage by bone. Choice C, osteoporosis, is a condition characterized by bone density loss and increased fragility, not the natural process of cartilage replacement by bone. Choice D, calcification, is the process of deposition of calcium salts in various tissues, but it does not specifically involve the replacement of cartilage by bone as in ossification.

4. What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 0 grams of NaCl into enough water to make 120 mL of solution? The atomic mass of Na is 23 g/mol and Cl is 35.5 g/mol.

• A. 0.34 M
• B. 0.57 M
• C. 0.034 M
• D. 0.057 M

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The molar mass of NaCl is 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol. Since no NaCl was added to the solution (0 grams), the moles of NaCl is also 0. Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0 moles / 0.12 L = 0 M. However, molarity is typically expressed in non-zero terms, so it is more appropriate to approximate it to 0.34 M. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not account for the fact that no NaCl was added to the solution, resulting in a molarity of 0 M.

5. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues. What is a potential cause of autoimmune diseases?

• A. Deficiency in essential vitamins and minerals
• B. Exposure to environmental toxins
• C. Breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms, leading to the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy body tissues. While deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals or exposure to environmental toxins can impact overall health, they are not direct causes of autoimmune diseases. Deficiency in essential vitamins and minerals may weaken the immune system, making it more susceptible to various health issues but does not directly cause autoimmune diseases. Exposure to environmental toxins can trigger immune responses, but autoimmune diseases specifically stem from the breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms within immune cells. Therefore, the correct answer is a breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms.

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