Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of converting lactic acid back into pyruvate called?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Cori cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. C) The Cori cycle is the process by which lactic acid produced by anaerobic metabolism in muscles is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose or pyruvate. D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.

2. How many amino acids can make up a protein?

• A. 10-20
• B. 50-100
• C. 100-500
• D. 1000+

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids, and there are 20 standard amino acids commonly found in proteins. The sequence and arrangement of these amino acids determine the structure and function of a protein. While proteins can vary in size and complexity, the number of amino acids typically ranges from around 10 to 20 in smaller proteins to hundreds or even thousands in larger proteins. Therefore, the range of 10-20 amino acids is the most accurate representation of the number of amino acids that can make up a protein. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they provide ranges that are beyond the typical number of amino acids found in proteins and may lead to confusion. The correct answer is A (10-20).

3. Which of the following substances is typically a good conductor of electricity when dissolved in water?

• A. Sugar
• B. Sodium chloride
• C. Olive oil
• D. Oxygen gas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Sodium chloride (table salt) is typically a good conductor of electricity when dissolved in water because it dissociates into ions (sodium cations and chloride anions) that can carry an electric current. Sugar (choice A), olive oil (choice C), and oxygen gas (choice D) do not dissociate into ions in water and therefore are not good conductors of electricity. Sugar does not dissociate into ions in water, so it cannot conduct electricity. Olive oil and oxygen gas are nonpolar substances and do not ionize in water, making them poor conductors of electricity.

4. Which statement accurately describes the periodic trends in atomic radius?

• A. Increases down a group and decreases across a period
• B. Decreases down a group and increases across a period
• C. Remains constant throughout the table
• D. Fluctuates unpredictably based on individual elements

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct statement is that atomic radius increases down a group and decreases across a period. When moving down a group, additional electron shells increase the distance from the nucleus, leading to larger atomic radii. On the other hand, when moving across a period, the number of electron shells remains constant, but the increasing nuclear charge pulls electrons closer, resulting in smaller radii. Choice B is incorrect because atomic radius does not decrease down a group and increase across a period. Choice C is incorrect because atomic radius does not remain constant; it exhibits specific trends. Choice D is incorrect because atomic radius follows predictable trends based on the periodic table structure, rather than fluctuating unpredictably.

5. Which of the following is the cytoplasmic organelle that contains fluid-filled tubules for carrying and transporting substances?

• A. Endoplasmic reticulum
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Nucleus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The endoplasmic reticulum is the correct answer. It is the cytoplasmic organelle that contains fluid-filled tubules responsible for carrying and transporting substances within the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification processes. The Golgi apparatus, although important in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or for use within the cell, does not primarily contain fluid-filled tubules for carrying and transporting substances. Mitochondria are responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration, not for carrying and transporting substances. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and is involved in regulating cellular activities but does not contain fluid-filled tubules for transportation.

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