Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of converting lactic acid back into pyruvate called?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Cori cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. C) The Cori cycle is the process by which lactic acid produced by anaerobic metabolism in muscles is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose or pyruvate. D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.

2. Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Cerebrum
• C. Hypothalamus
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the cerebellum. It plays a vital role in balance and coordination by controlling motor functions, precision, and timing of movements. The cerebrum is primarily involved in higher brain functions such as thinking and problem-solving. The hypothalamus regulates essential bodily functions like temperature and hunger, while the thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory information, directing it to the appropriate areas of the brain for processing.

3. What is the primary function of the kidneys?

• A. To digest food
• B. To filter blood and produce urine
• C. To absorb nutrients
• D. To transport oxygen

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of the kidneys is to filter blood and remove waste products from the body, producing urine in the process. This function helps in maintaining the body's internal environment stable, a process known as homeostasis. Option A, 'To digest food,' is incorrect as digestion primarily occurs in the gastrointestinal system, not in the kidneys. Option C, 'To absorb nutrients,' is also incorrect because nutrient absorption mainly takes place in the intestines. Option D, 'To transport oxygen,' is incorrect as the lungs and circulatory system are responsible for oxygen transport, not the kidneys.

4. What is the waste product of protein digestion?

• A. Glucose
• B. Amino acids
• C. Fatty acids
• D. Ammonia

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The waste product of protein digestion is ammonia. Protein digestion breaks down proteins into amino acids, and during this process, ammonia is produced. Ammonia is toxic and needs to be converted into urea in the liver for excretion via urine. Glucose is a product of carbohydrate digestion, amino acids are building blocks of proteins, and fatty acids are the end products of fat digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is ammonia.

5. An object is thrown at an angle. Which of the following forces acts HORIZONTALLY on the object during its flight?

• A. Gravitational force
• B. Normal force from the ground
• C. Air resistance
• D. The force of throwing

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During the flight of the object, the only force that acts horizontally on the object is air resistance. Air resistance opposes the motion of the object through the air and acts in the direction opposite to the object's velocity. Gravitational force acts vertically downward, influencing the object's weight and vertical motion. The normal force from the ground acts perpendicular to the ground to support the object's weight. The force of throwing initially imparts velocity to the object at an angle, but it does not act horizontally throughout the flight.

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